Cross, Charles

Cross, Charles F (1855 1935) British scientist, a pioneer in modern cellulose chemistry his prepn of acetyl benzoyl celluloses (1889-90) was a prelude to the great achievement of his career, the discovery of cellulose Na xanthate (viscose) which Was patented under the names of Cross, Bevan Beadle (1892). Cross E.J. Bevan published "Textbook of Papermaking (1887), "Cellulose, an Outline of the Structural Elements of Plants (1895), Wood Pulp and Its Applications (1911), and numerous other Works on every aspect of cellulose. The pioneer work and the persistent successful efforts of Cross were duly recognized during his life. He was awarded the medal of the Society of Chemical Industry... 

Cross, Charles, Clayton Beadle, Edward Bevan. Cellulose. An Out line of the ChemiAtry of the Structural Element A of PlantA, with Reference to Their Natural HiAtory and InduAtrial . Elibron. Replica of 1895 edition by Longmans, Green, and Co., London. 

In 1839, Charles Goodyear discovered that sulfur could cross-link polymer chains and patented the process in 1844 [1]. Since then rubber became a widely usable material. By the year 1853, natural rubber (NR) was in short supply. So attempts were made to undo what Goodyear had accomplished. Goodyear himself was involved in trying to reclaim vulcanized rubber to overcome the shortage of NR. Later, as a consequence of World War I, Germany introduced synthetic rubbers, namely the Buna rubbers, which raised the curiosity of polymer chemists all over the world. Subsequently, synthetic rubbers with tailor-made properties were born. This was followed by the discovery of new methods and chemicals for vulcanization and processing. It is obvious... 

The long-chain molecules described so far do not have the durability and strength associated with rabber products such as rubber bands and automobile tires. To achieve these properties, rabber must be treated chemically to create chemical bonds between long-chain molecules. This process is called cross-linking because links are formed across the chains in addition to bonds along the chains. Vulcanization, the first way to form cross-links in rabber, was discovered in 1839 by Charles Goodyear, founder of the first U.S. rabber company. 

Heckethorn, Charles William. Alchemists, the Rosicrucians and Asiatic Brethrens. rhttp //www.hermetics.org/rose+cross. htmlj. 

Charles K. Bradsher, P. M. Cross Chemical Laboratory, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina (289)... 

M. Heroult also made many important contributions to the electrometallurgy of iron and steel. He made frequent trips to the United States, and when the Perkin Medal was awarded to Charles M. Hall in 1911, M Heroult crossed the ocean in order to be present at the ceremony and congratulate him. By this gracious act, he proved himself to be a worthy successor of his great, generous countryman, Henri Sainte-Claire Deville (II, 52). Dr. Heroult and C. M. Hall both died in 1914. 

Cellophane had its beginnings in 1892, when Charles Cross and Edward Beven of England found that treating cellulose with concentrated sodium hydroxide followed by carbon disulfide created a thick, syrupy, yellow liquid they called viscose. Extruding the viscose into an acidic solution generated a tough cellulose filament that could be used to make a synthetic silky cloth, today called rayon (Figure 18.10). 

An ingenious treatment of cellulose was discovered by Charles Cross and Edward Bevan in England in 1892. It involved first preparing a chemical derivative called cellulose xanthate in a process that is conceptually no different from converting cellulose into other derivatives such as cellulose acetate or cellulose nitrate. What made this different, however, is that xan-thates are reactive chemical intermediates that can be converted easily into still different compounds, or returned to the starting material, in this case cellulose. See Equation 3. 

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