Crookes naming

Gr. thallos, a green shoot or twig) Thallium was discovered spectroscopically in 1861 by Crookes. The element was named after the beautiful green spectral line, which identified the element. The metal was isolated both by Crookes and Lamy in 1862 about the same time. 

Indium and thallium were also discovered by means of the spectroscope as their names indicate. Indium was first identified in 1863 by F. Reich and H. T. Richter and named from the brilliant indigo blue line in its fiame spectrum (Latin indicum). Thallium was discovered independently by W. Crookes and by... 

However, an important development within atomic physics, namely the discovery of isotopy in the 1910s, led some philosophically minded chemists to reexamine Mendeleev s distinction and to rehabilitate it in a modified form. With the rapid discovery of isotopes it began to seem as though there were far more "elements" than the 90 or so which were displayed on periodic tables at the time. The work of Soddy [14], in particular, served to clarify the situation, and one that had been anticipated by Crookes,... 

At about the same time, solid substances with strong radioactivity were separated chemically from U and Th. That from U was named U-X (Crookes 1900) and turned out... 

In a study of age-associated memory impairment [Crook and Lakin 1991), using a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial and three doses of ondansetron (10, 250, or 1,000 pg po bid), patients were treated for 12 weeks, followed by a 2-week washout period, with assessments being made at the initiation of, during, and at the termination of treatment. Behavioral rating scales and a computerized battery of tests related to learning and memory tasks of daily life were used to assess changes in cognitive performance. Ondansetron caused dose-related effects to enhance acquisition, name-face associa-... 

Crookesite. In 1866 Baron Nils Adolf Erik Nordenskiold found among the collections at the Royal Museum in Sweden a rare mineral from Skrikerum, which C. G. Mosander had regarded as a copper selenide. When Baron Nordenskiold analyzed it, he found it to be a selenide of copper, silver, and thallium. Because it was the first mineral of which the recently discovered element thallium was shown to be an essential constituent, he named it crookesite in honor of Sir William Crookes, the discoverer of thallium (31). Although crookesite is very rare, selenium and thallium are often found associated in nature, and both of these elements, so different in chemical properties, were originally discovered in the same source, namely the slime in the lead chambers of sulfuric acid plants using seleniferous and thalliferous pyrite. 

Many elements are present in the earth s crust in such minute amounts that they could never have been discovered by ordinary methods of mineral analysis. In 1859, however, Kirchhoff and Bunsen invented the spectroscope, an optical instrument consisting of a collimator, or metal tube fitted at one end with a lens and closed at the other except for a slit, at the focus of the lens, to admit light from the incandescent substance to be examined, a turntable containing a prism mounted to receive and separate the parallel rays from the lens and a telescope to observe the spectrum produced by the prism. With this instrument they soon discovered two new metals, cesium and rubidium, which they classified with sodium and potassium, which had been previously discovered by Davy, and lithium, which was added to the list of elements by Arfwedson. The spectroscopic discovery of thallium by Sir William Crookes and its prompt confirmation by C.-A. Lamy soon followed. In 1863 F. Reich and H. T. Richter of the Freiberg School of Mines discovered a very rare element in zmc blende, and named it indium because of its brilliant line in the indigo region of the spectrum. 

In 1900 Sir William Crookes prepared a solution containing a uranium salt and a small amount of a ferric salt. When he added to this an excess of a solution containing ammonium hydroxide and ammonium carbonate, he found that the resulting ferric hydroxide precipitate was intensely radioactive. After studying the radioactive properties of the substance which precipitates with the iron, he said, For the sake of lucidity the new body must have a name. Until it is more tractable I will call it provisionally UrX—the unknown substance in uranium (30). It is now known as uranium Xi. H. N. McCoy and W. H. Ross, B. B. Boltwood, and R. B. Moore and H. Schlundt found independently that there are two uraniums, uranium 1 and uranium 2 (12, 48, 81, 108, 109, 110). 

For want of a better name, he termed these cathode rays a fourth state of matter—for it was neither gas, liquid, nor solid. He ventured another name—radiant matter. That was the best he could do But the mystery still remained. Crookes, as he gazed upon those cathode rays and saw the flight of myriads of disembodied atoms of electricity, just missed discovering the Electron. However, Crookes, son of a tailor, had done valiant service. He had given mankind a new instrument of discovery. With it Roentgen discovered X-rays, and with it Thomson was to accomplish still greater wonders. 

I knew of only two places in London, the Royal Society s headquarters and my mother s birthplace, Spitalfields, so I gave the name of one of them—Crane Court, home of the Royal Society. She raised her crooked eyebrows, gave an order, and off we lurched. 

Within a period of four years after the work of Bunsen and Kirchhoff, four new elements were discovered cesium, rubidium, thallium, and indium. All four elements are named after the color of their spectral lines. The discoverer of thallium was British physicist Sir William Crookes (1832-1919). 

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