Critical line force defined

The exact form of functional relationship between the resistance force and the contact angle hysteresis depends, of course, on the parameters chosen. Rosano has presented an equation based on the plate method [14] and very recently Furmidge[10] has shown the essential relationship between Rosano s equation and the widely used equation for a droplet moving on an inclined plane. Since the total resistance force that must be overcome before the boimdary line will move is directly proportional to the length of the line, we can tentatively define a force just necessary to start a unit length of boundary line moving as the critical line force. 

Section A-B in Fig. 2 shows that the solubility falls as the contaminant is diluted by the fluid. The rapid rise in solubility in Sec. B-C occurs at pressures quite higher than the critical pressure because of the rapid rise in density, and therefore solvating power, of the SCF at around this pressure. This r on has been defined by King as the threshold pressure which is the pressure at which the solute begins to dissolve in the SCF. l Obviously, this pressure is technique dependent and varies with the analytical method sensitivity used to measure the solute concentration in the SCF. A decrease in solubility, as shown in r on C-A may occur at higher pressures due to r ulsive forces that may squeeze the solute out of solution. For moderately volatile solutes, a rise in solubility, as shown in section i>- , can occur if there is a critical line in the mixture phase diagram at higher pressures. 

The shear forces are mainly in the range of 1 to lONm. This exposure causes cell death between 20 and 80% depending on the exposure duration which is between a few seconds and several hours. Studies performed in a bioreactor have an exposure duration of several days. The results are partly contradictory. Tramper et al. [30] found a critical stress level of 1.5 Nm" for insect cells, whereas Oh et al. [31] could not show an influence on hybridoma cells even at high stirrer speed. This shows that each cell line reacts different and that there is a necessity for defined stress systems if the results is to be comparable. 

A gradient path of V has a simple physical interpretation. It is a line of force—the path traversed by a test charge moving under the influence of the potential F(r X). At a critical point other than a (3, — 3) critical point, the force vanishes. Thus a critical point in the field V(r X) denotes a point of electrostatic balance between the attractors of the system. Since trajectories defining the surface which separates neighbouring basins satisfy the zero-flux condition... 

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