Craven studies

Craven studied the reactions of phenyl and o- and p-tolyl isocyanates with aniline, o- and p-toluidine and o-chloroaniline in dioxane solution mainly in the absence of catalysts. The reactivity in these systems agreed with the classical electronic picture according to which electron donating group that increase the nucleophilicity or base strength increase the reactivity of the amine. Substituents in ortho position, particularly on the isocyanate, cause steric hindrance and reduce the reactivity (see Table XIX). 

Craven, James Brown. Doctor Heinrich Khunrath a study in mystical alchemy. Glasgow McLean, 1997. 141p. 

Such effects will contribute to the discrepancies between X-ray (X) and neutron (N) temperature parameters, which have been found to exist even room-temperature studies, for which temperature ambiguities are minimal (Craven and McMullan 1979). The effect of TDS can be especially pronounced in room-temperature studies of often soft molecular crystals, and, if not recognized, can lead to an artificial enhancement of features in difference maps based on a combination of the two techniques (Scheringer et al. 1978) (see chapter 5). 

There are three reports (Hsu and Starzinsi, 1986 Woolston, 1999 Craven and Murphy, 2000) on a total of six bipolar adolescents treated with CBZ—three with acute mania, two of whom responded (Hsu and Starzinski, 1986). As in studies of adults, antipsychotic and/or antianxiety medications were frequently used adjunctively in subjects of these reports. Gabapentin, topiramate, and lamotrigine have been minimally studied for the treatment of acute mania in youth. Davanzo and McCracken review these limited data in Chapter 25 in this volume. 

Craven, P. A., DeRuberts, F. R., and Pratt, D. W. (1979). Electron spin resonance study of the role of NO catalase in the activation of guanylate cyclase by NaN, and NH2OH. Modulation of enzyme responses by heme proteins and their nitrosyl derivatives.). Biol. Chem. 254, 8213-8222. 

DCA is the first bile acid whose inclusion ability was confirmed in the crystalline state. During the last century many research groups dealt with the inclusion compounds of DCA with various guest molecules, such as aliphatic, aromatic and alicyclic hydrocarbons, alcohols, ketones, fatty acids, esters, ethers, nitriles, peroxides and amines, and so on [2], In 1972, Craven and DeTitta first reported the exact crystal structure of DCA with acetic acid [3], Subsequent crystallographic studies made clear that most of DCA inclusion crystals have bilayer... 

Concerns for the VOC loss from water samples during transportation by air have been raised on occasion. Laboratory studies, however, have demonstrated that there is no discernable difference between VOC data obtained from analysis of water samples shipped by land and by air (Craven, 1998). The notion of unsuitability of air transportation for air samples collected in Tedlar bags is also common. However, if Tedlar bags are filled to 2/3 of their capacity, they survive air travel without leaking or bursting. 

R. Craven, A Study of the Effects of Air Shipment on the Volatile Content of Water Samples, LabLink, Volume 4, Issue 2, [Columbia Analytical Services, 1998]. 

Craven BM (1987) Studies of hydrogen atoms in organic molecules. Thins Am Cryst Assoc 23 71-81... 

Sabine TM, Cox GW, Craven BM (1969) A neutron diffraction study of a-axalic acid dihydrate. Acta Cryst B25 2437-2441... 

CYTOSH. Trideutero-cytosine deuterium oxide solvate (neutron study at 82 K) (C4H2D3N30, D20). Weber HP, Craven BM, McMullan RK (1980) Acta Crystallogr, Sect B 36 645 CYTOSH01. THdeutero-cytosine deuterium oxide solvate (at 82 deg.K, X-ray and neutron studies) (C4H2D3N30, D20). Craven BM, Benci P, Epstein J, Fox RO, McMullan RK, Ruble JR, Stewart RF, Weber H-P (1979) Am Cryst Assoc, Ser 2, 7 42... 

The interactions between indicators and anionic and cationic micellar systems have also been investigated by Krishnappa et al. (1946), Colich-man (1950), Hiskey and Downey (1954), and Lawrence (1958) and the interactions between dyes and non-ionic surfactants (Craven and Datyner, 1961, 1963, 1967a, b) as well as the effects of non-ionic surfactants on the rate of fading of dyes (Scott e< al., 1960) have been studied. In general, the results of these investigations are in accord with those discussed previously. 

A Transputer-based systolic loop implementation for the simulation of rigid polyatomic molecules described by Craven and Pawley revealed that in contrast to many problems on MIMD computers, the main loss of efficiency arose not from the time spent in communication between processors but, rather, from certain extra calculation and addressing work that was deemed inevitable in the parallel decomposition of the problem, and from a slight load imbalance. This study provided an excellent practical example of the ability of the Transputer to communicate and calculate in parallel, with minimal degradation of the computation rate, and provided very encouraging timing comparisons with the Cray X-MP. 

Garvie E. A. J., Craven A. J., and Brydson R. (1994) Use of electron energy-loss near-edge fine structure in the study of minerals. Am. Mineral. 79, 411-425. 

Naegeli et al. [177] reported mild catalysis by tertiary amines and carboxylic acids, but not by water, inorganic acids, salts or bases. In contrast. Craven [179] found that the typical tertiary amines and acids had little catalytic effect in the systems he studied. Certain substituted ureas appeared to catalyse the reaction to a greater extent than many tertiary amines. Ten mole % of butyric acid reduced the half-life of the reaction between phenyl isocyanate and o-toluidine by 57%, and 10 mole % of N-phenyl-N -o-tolylurea reduced it by 38%. Arnold et Jil. [178] and... 

Systematic studies of the reaction rates of isocyanates with amines were carried out by Craven (53) and Baker and Bailey (4f). 

A somewhat different mechanism was deduced by Baker and Bailey 4f) from their own studies of the systems phenyl isocyanate and ethyl p-aminobenzoate (benzocaine) cyclohexyl isocyanate and aniline phenyl isocyanate and aniline p-methoxyphenyl isocyanate and aniline. While Craven postulates one complex. Baker and Bailey assume two complexes of the isocyanate one with the amine, and one with the product urea. 

Price, ME, Fisher-Hoch, SP, Craven, RB, McCormick, JB. A Prospective Study of Maternal and Fetal Outcome in Acute Lassa Fever Infection During Pregnancy. British Medical Journal, 297(6648) 584-587, 1988... 

Buchanan, J.G., Craven, D.A., Wightman, R.H., and Harnden, M.R., C-Nucleoside studies. Part 21. Synthesis of some hydroxyalkylated pyrrolo- and thieno-[3,2-d]pyrimidines related to known antiviral acyclonucleosides, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1, 195, 1991. 

Custovic A, Simpson BM, Simpson A, Hallam C, Craven M, Brutsche M, et al Manchester Asthma and Allergy Study Low-allergen environment can be achieved and maintained during pregnancy and in early life, J Allergy Clin Immunol 2000 105(2 pt 1) 252—258. (Ib)... 

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