CpG islands methylation

Bastian, PJ, J Ellinger, LC Heukamp, P Kahl, SC Muller, and A von Rucker. 2007. Prognostic value of CpG island methylation of PTGS2, RAR-beta, EDNRB, and other gene loci in patients undergoing radical prostatectomy. Eur Urol 51(3) 665—674. 

Goel A, Nagasaka T, Arnold CN et al. The CpG island methylator phenotype and chromosomal instability are inversely correlated in sporadic colorectal cancer. Gastroenterology 2007 132 127-138. Swanton C, Tomlinson 1, Downward J. Chromosomal instability, colorectal cancer and taxane resistance. CeZ/Cyc/e 2006 5 818-823. 

Teodoridis JM, Hall J, Marsh S et al. CpG island methylation of DNA damage response genes in advanced ovarian cancer. Cancer Res 2005 65 8961-8967. 

Ahuja N, Mohan AL, Li Q, et al. Association between CpG island methylation and microsatellite instability in colorectal cancer. Cancer Res 1997 57 3370-3374. 

Pfeifer GP, Steigerwald SD, Hansen RS, Gartler SM, Riggs AD. Polymerase chain reaction-aided genomic sequencing of an X chromosome-linked CpG island methylation patterns suggest clonal inheritance, CpG site autonomy, and an explanation of activity state stability. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1990 87 8252-8256. 

Merlo A, Herman JG, Mao L, Lee DJ, Gabrielson E, Burger PC, Baylin SB, Sidransky D. 5 CpG island methylation is associated with transcriptional silencing of the tumor suppressor pl6/CDKN2/MTSl in human cancers. Nat Med 1995 1 686-692. 

Ogino S, Kawasaki T, Nosho K, et al. LINE-1 hypomethylation is inversely associated with microsatellite instability and CpG island methylator phenotype in colorectal cancer. Int J Cancer. 2008 122 2767-2773. 

Eew studies have been done on the molecular features of gastrointestinal endocrine tumors. Allelic loss of llq has been detected in GI endocrine tumors associated with MENl, and LOH of 1 Iq is also present in a subset of sporadic GI endocrine tumors. Mutations of the MENl gene are present in approximately 30% of sporadic gastrinomas and in occasional midgut and hindgut endocrine tumors. In contrast to pancreatic endocrine tumors, the CpG island methylator phenotype is frequent in GI endocrine tumors. Beta-catenin exon 3 mutations are relatively common (38%) in these tumors, and up to 80% of the tumors show nuclear and cytoplasmic localization of the corresponding protein. Other studies, however, reported absence of exon 3 mutations, but nuclear f5-catenin was found in 30% of cases. In contrast, extra-GI endocrine tumors were negative for nuclear f5-catenin. 

MSI-H/mismatch repair protein-deficient colorectal cancers, evaluated by either MSI testing or IHC, may have a better survival in subsets of colon cancer patients. This effect may be related to the CpG island methylator phenotype (widespread promoter methyla-tion). MSI-H tumors may also respond differently to... 

Ogino, S., Kawasaki, T., Ogawa, A., Kirkner, G. J., Loda, M. and Fuchs, C. S., Fatty acid synthase overexpression in colorectal cancer is associated with microsatellite instability, independent of CpG island methylator phenotype. Hum Pathol 38 (2007) 842-849. 

Tan, L.W., Bianco, T., and Dobrovic, A., Variable promoter region CpG island methylation of the putative tumor suppressor gene Connexin 26 in breast cancer. Carcinogenesis, 23 (2), 231-236,2002. 

Costello JF, Fruhwald MC, Smiraglia DJ et al. Aberrant CpG-island methylation has nonrandom and tumor-type-specific patterns. Nat Genet 2000 25 132-138. 

Feltus FA, Lee EK, Costello JF et al. Predicting aberrant CpG island methylation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2003 100 12253-12258. 

DNA (5-cytosine)-methyltrans-ferase generation of DNA/ 5-methylcytosine CpG island methylation gene silencing... 

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