Costs of pharmaceutical

BL Harris, A Stergachis, LD Ried. The effect of drug co-payments on utilization and cost of pharmaceuticals in a health maintenance organization. Med Care 28(10) 907 917, 1990. 

In the analysis of health care the price of care is often confused with the level of expenditure, particularly so in the analysis of the cost of pharmaceuticals. Pharmaceutical cost containment should never be the exclusive goal of public policies emphasis on costs without paying attention to the value of the products may lead to inefficient policies. The value of a new pharmaceutical resides in its ability to improve health, not just in its contribution to the decrease or increase of health care costs. Increased spending on health care and pharmaceuticals is therefore compatible with a reduction in their price, if the resulting value increases more than the expenditure. 

Two percentage cost sharing rates, depending on the type of pharmaceuticals involved. Some pharmaceuticals are free, while others are excluded from pubhc coverage Percentage rates of sharing in the cost of pharmaceutical consumption. Positive list of pharmaceuticals with pubhc coverage... 

Harris, B. and A. Stergachis, "The Effect of Drug Co-payments on Utilization and Cost of Pharmaceuticals in a Health Maintenance Organization," Med. Care, 28,... 

India is an R D hotspot, defined as a place where (1) companies are able to tap into existing scientific and technical expertise networks, (2) there are good links to academic research facilities, (3) the environment supports innovation, and (4) it is easy to commercialize. Costs of pharmaceutical innovation in India are estimated to be as low as one-sevenths of their levels in Europe. 

In this assessment, the Office of Technology Assessment examined the costs of pharmaceutical research and development (R D), the economic rewards from that investment, and the impact of public policies on both costs and returns. Below is a brief synopsis of the study s major conclusions ... 

The industry s collective response to charges that drug prices are too high or are increasing too fast has been to point to the high and increasing cost of pharmaceutical R D and their need to repay investors for their substantial and risky investments (325,326,505). Industry representatives have pointed to academic studies of the... 

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