Cost of retrofit

J. W. Jones, "Estimating Performance and Costs of Retrofit SO2 and NO Controls for Acid Raia Abatement," MGS ExtendedA.bstract Preprint ACS Division of Environmental Chemistry Meeting (June 5—11, 1988, Toronto, Ontario). 

In the following sub-sections, MOO results for simple, moderate and complex retrofitting of HEN in the case study are presented and discussed. The objectives used in MOO are cost of retrofit and utility cost, and the approach temperature on each heat exchanger in HEN... 

The HEN corresponding to the non-dominated solution at the discontinuity in the front (circled in Figure 7.12) is presented in Figure 7.13. Cost of retrofitting is US 253,328, and utility cost of this network is US 12,238,781/year payback period for this retrofitting is just 0.15 years. The hot and cold utilities used are 84,055 kW and 47,085 kW, respectively. Minimum approach temperature of the network is 18.9 °C (compared with the specified constraint of 15 °C) in exchanger 8 between streams H5 and Cl these are different... 

Cost of retrofit (US ) Retrofitting level Utility cost (US /year) Utility cost savings (US /year) Fhyback period (year)... 

Case Design/Decision variables Utility cost savings ( /yr) Annualized capital cost of retrofitting ( /yr)... 

Case Membrane feed flow (kmol/h) Ethylene permeance (kmol/h-m - bar)" Membrane rea (m ) Pressure difference across membrane (bar) Utility cost savings ( /yr) Annualized capital cost of retrofitting ( /yr)... 

There are two major costs that play an important role in the feasibility of retrofitting a distillation column to HMD. One of them is the capital cost of the membrane module along with compressor, exchangers and associated installation, piping and labor costs (that is, cost of retrofitting). The other is the utility cost, which includes condenser and reboiler... 

The MOO is performed for maximizing utility cost savings and minimizing capital cost (that is, cost of retrofitting) simultaneously for retrofitting EF (Case 1 assuming reboiler duty as credit), EF (Case 2 assuming reboiler duty as cost), and PF (Case 3), with a... 

While safety is a line responsibility, it should be understood that achievements by management at an operating level are limited by the previously made workplace and work methods design decisions. If the design of the system presents excessive operational risks for which the cost of retrofitting is prohibitive, then administrative controls, which perhaps may be the only actions that can be taken, will achieve less than superior results. 

Avoid the high cost of retrofitting for safety matters during installation, testing, and debugging... 

Reduce the cost of retrofitting necessary to mitigate hazards and risks that were not sufficiently addressed in the design or redesign processes. 

The costs of retrofilling PCB transformers are contrasted with the costs of retrofitting. 

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