Cosmic rays structure

One of the most interesting of the geophysics results from radiocarbon dates is the history of the sun. Apparently, it is registered in fluctuations of the cosmic ray intensity. These are fluctuations of rather short duration in terms of the radiocarbon lifetime, perhaps a century or so, and apparently they are caused by variations in the solar wind due to long-term changes in the solar emissions. This idea has been developed in some detail recently by Dr. Lai and his collaborators. It promises to give us a way of watching the history of the sun over tens of thousands of years. This fine structure on the curve of calibration was discovered by Dr. Suess and others. 

The N4+ cation is formed in electric discharges through nitrogen. N2+ is formed by interaction of cosmic rays with N2 in the stratosphere and can, in denser regions of the ionosphere, form N4+, which might play a role as an intermediate that reacts very rapidly with other species in the atmosphere. N4+ (X +) has a linear, centrosyimnetric structure. The dissociation energy to N2 (X +) and N2+ (X... 

In this short paper at first I shall try to show links between studies of cosmic rays (CRs) and studies of close-by compact objects (in particular neutron stars - NSs). The reason for an existence of such relation is obvious both phenomena (CRs and NSs) have the same origin - supernova (SN) explosions. Then I discuss in more details the population synthesis of close-by NSs. The analysis of the population of these sources makes us to conclude that the solar neighbourhood (by that I mean a region about few hundred of parsecs around the Sun) in enriched with young NSs. It is a natural consequence of the existence of the Gould Belt - local structure formed by massive stars. 

To a first approximation, the all-particle spectrum of cosmic rays can be described by a power law on more than 11 decades on particle energy, so that the dependence of cosmic ray intensity on particle energy is close to E 2-7 at energy more than about 10 GeV. Closer examination reveals some structure in the galactic cosmic ray spectrum that includes the knee at 4 x 1015 eV, the second knee at about 1018 eV, and the ankle at 1019 eV. The steady-state spectrum is shaped by two principle processes - the acceleration at the sources and the subsequent propagation in the Galaxy. 

Abstract We map and study the dynamics of the Milky Way s spiral arms in our vicinity, using the birth place of open clusters. Since these objects are located in the galactic plane and are born primarily in the arms, they are an excellent tool for analyzing the dynamics of the spiral structure. Using their birth place, we find evidence for multiple spiral patterns with different speeds. The Carina arm appears now to be a superposition of both. The results are important for proper modeling of cosmic ray diffusion in our galactic vicinity. 

A key region of the spectrum of cosmic rays is its highest energies [1], The flux here is so low that the small event statistics in our observations to date leave us uncertain of the spectral structure above the key energy of 4 x 1019 eV, where a spectral downturn has been predicted [18 19], due to the interaction with 2.7K photons from the cosmic microwave background. 

Understanding the formation of the ions requires knowledge of the spectral distribution of solar radiation at short wavelengths, the structure of solar and galactic cosmic rays, as well as the chemical composition of the atmosphere and its physical characteristics such as pressure, temperature, and transport. The variations of solar activity must also be considered. 

Cosmic-ray induced 7-rays from interstellar matter. This emission has been mapped by COMPTEL in the 1 MeV - 10 MeV range, showing angular structure on scales larger than the angular resolution of COMPTEL. 

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