Cortical microtubules

Hardham, A.R. Gunning, B.E.S. (1978). Structure of cortical microtubule arrays in plant cells. J. Cell Biol. 77, 14-34. 

Shibaoka H. Plant hormone-induced changes in the orientation of cortical microtubules alterations in the cross-linking between microtubules and the plasma membrane. Ann Rev Plant Physiol Mol Biol 1994 45 527-544. 

Figure 22. Immunofluorescence micrograph of cortical microtubules in the aplanospore of 4h post-wounding of Valonia vtntricosa.

Figure 23. Immunofluorescence micrographs in the aplanospore of 3h post-wounding of Boergesenia forbesii. Figure 23a is focused on the perinuclear microtubules, while Figure 23b is focused on the cortical microtubules which are oriented randomly.

Multiple premises exist for the large layer 5 pyramidal cells being critical to consciousness. Crick and Koch (1992) have hypothesized that the large layer 5 pyramidal cells are correlated most closely with consciousness because they fire in bursts and send information completely out of the cortex. HamerofF and Penrose (1996) have suggested the cortical microtubule, tuned by the MAP-2 protein, as the site of conscious computation in the brain. This implicates the large layer 5 pyramidal cells because they are enriched with MAP-2 protein (Woolf, 1993). 

Baskin, T. I. 2001. On the alignment of cellulose microfibrils by cortical microtubules a review and a model. Protoplasma 215, 150-171... 

Hasezawa, S. and Nozaki, H. 1999. Role of cortical microtubules in the orientation of cellulose microfibril deposition in higher-plant cells. Protoplasma 209, 98-104... 

Early work on spermatogenesis has been reviewed in the first edition (796). More recent work has been reviewed by Euzet et al. (196), Davis Roberts (171), Ubelaker (889) and Lumsden Specian (462). Ultrastructure studies have shown that cestode spermatozoa generally (but see below) have the same pattern of organisation in all orders. The chief features are (a) a long thread-like body (b) an elongated nucleus (c) cortical microtubules underlying the plasma membrane (d) the absence of... 

Microtubules occur in a single row below the plasma membrane of spermatozoa, although their distribution varies in different species (171). In H. diminuta and the Cyclophyllidea (Fig. 7.2), in general, they completely encircle the spermatozoon (171,212,835), often exhibiting helical periodicity. In Phyllobothrium gracile (Fig. 1.2(b)) the cortical microtubules may be confined to two demi-circles, lateral or external to the axonemes (561,564). The significance of these different distributions of microtubules in relation to potential sperm activity is not known. 

To examine the interaction between cortical microtubules and microfibrils more directly, we prepared an isolated plasma membrane sheet with cortical miaotubules from tobbaco cells and demonstrated that p-glucan s)mthases penetrating through the membrane move in the fluid... 

Gutierrez, R., Lindeboom, J.J., Paredez, A.R., Emons, A.M., Ehrhardt, D.W. Arabidopsis cortical microtubules position cellulose synthase delivery to the plasma membrane and interact with cellulose synthase trafficking compartments. Nat. Cell Biol. 11, 797-806 (2009)... 

Figure 4-3. Colocalization of IRX3 with microtubules. Projection of a series of images obtained from confocal microscopy from immunolabeling on developing xylem. The orange colour represents the colocalization of IRX3 (red) with the cortical microtubules (green) (See Color Plate of this figure beginning on page 35S)...

Fisher D.D. and Cyr R.X (1998). Extending the microtubule/microfibril paradigm - Cellulose synthesis is required for normal cortical microtubule alignment in elongating cells. Plant Physiol. 116 1043-1051. 

Chaffey N., Barnett J., and Barlow P. 1999. A cytoskeletal basis for wood formation in angiosperm trees the involvement of cortical microtubules. Planta 208 19-30. 

Cellulose microfibrils are deposited by cellulose synthases into the cell wall in often strikingly regular patterns. Here we discuss several mechanisms that have been put forward to explain the alignment of cellulose microfibrils that gives rise to ordered cell wall textures the hypothesis that cortical microtubules align cellulose microfibrils during their deposition, the liquid crystal hypothesis in which cellulose microfibrils self-assemble into textures after their deposition, the templated incorporation hypothesis, and the geometrical theory in which the density of active cellulose synthase complexes inside the plasma membrane may dictate the architecture of the cell wall. 

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