Coral, Japanese

A guinea pig ileum bioassay was used to detect and aid in the isolation of a smooth-muscle-contracting substance from the Japanese gorgonian coral Euplexaura erecta [108]. This process led to the isolation of prostaglandin F2a (17) from the MeOH extract of the coral. Its identification was based on comparison with authentic PGF2a and its methyl ester by TLC, and comparison with authentic methyl PGF2a trimethylsilyl ether by mass spectrometry. Because of the nature of the techniques employed, some aspects of the stereochemistry in this isolate of PGF2a remain uncertain. 

Caribbean coral Pseudopterogorgia elisabethae discovered by Fenical et al. [47], Pseudopterosin E, Fig. (3) is the one with the best pharmacological profile, combining low toxicity and potent antiinflammatory activity. In human neutrophils, pseudopterosin E inhibits degranulation and formation of Ieukotrienes [2], In 1991, phase I clinical trials were initiated with pseudopterosin E as a topical anti-inflammatory agent. Recently, novel anti-inflammatory natural products have been isolated from this Caribbean soft coral [48,49], Japanese researchers reported the isolation of a group of compounds designated helioporins A-E, which are related to the pseudopterosins [1],... 

Several new halogenated bicyclic acetogenins of the laurefucin type have been discovered in marine organisms since the first survey (1). Thus, the Coral Sea red seaweed Dasyphila plumariodes contains the new isolaurefucin methyl ether (696) (789). Neoisoprelaurefucin (697) was characterized from a Japanese... 

Fukuyo, Y. 1981. Taxonomical study on benthic dinoflagellates collected in coral reefs. Bulletin of Japanese Society of Science and Fisheries 47(8) 967-978. 

Nakajima, L., Oshima, Y, and Yasumoto, T. 1981. Toxicity of benthic dinoflagellates found in coral-reef 2. Toxicity of the benthic dinoflagellates in Okinawa. Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries 47(8) 1029-1033. 

Netsuke - toggles worn on the clothit gre probably the best known Japanese carved items. Also made were pres, seals, and boxes. Later many of the items produced were made specifically for export to the west (Fig, 3.18). As in India, ivory in Japan has also been used as a background and inlaid with other precious nutterials such as coral and tortoiseshell. They called the style Shibayama, after the man who was a master of the craft. 

Coral has been fished in the Mediterranean for thousands of years, but the main coral finds in the Far East have occurred in the last 50 to 100 years. The Japanese first found CoraUium corals in the seas around their islands in 1830, and to begin with they sold it all to Italy. More coral was found off the coast of China in the 1920s, but it was in the 1960s to 1980s that large quantities were found in various parts of the Pacific. 

Motokawa, T. (2008). Story of Coral Reefs and Coral—A Strange Ecosystem of the Southern Ocean, Chuokoron-shinsya, Tokyo, pp. 273 (in Japanese). 

Toritani, M. Sanuki, H. Nakase, K. Eriguchi, T. Okayasu, A. (2006). How Environment Suitable to Coral Growth on Outer Block Structure in Naha bay, In Proceedings of the 9th Japanese Coral Reef Society (Ed. T. Nakamori, Japanese Coral Reef Society, Tokyo), p. 46 (in Japanese). 

Shibata, S. Aota, T. Mitsui, J. Watanuki, A. Kumagaya, W. Nadaoka, K. Tanigu-chi, H. (2007). Possible Effect of Waves and Currents on Coral Growth around Akiji-ma Island, Midoriishi, Vol. 18, pp. 19-23 (in Japanese). 

Ukai, A., Kohno, H., Nakase, K., Shimaya, M., Zinno, M. Kimura, K. (2010), Influence of Ocean Waves on Coral Habitat Environment of Ami tori Bay, Annual Journal of Civil Engineering Ocean, Vol. 26, pp. 363-368 (in Japanese with English abstract). 

Fukami, H. Tachikawa, H. Suzuki, G. Nagata, S. Sugihara, K. (2010). Current Status and Problems with the Identification and Taxonomy of Zooxanthellate Scleracti-nian Corals in Japan, Journal of Japanese Coral Reef Society, Vol. 12, pp. 17-31 (in Japan sese). 

Jiang EH, Wang XL, Shi XY, Zhu CJ, Han XR, Zhang L (2002) Benthic exchange rate and flux of dissolved silicate at the sediment-water interface in Jiaozhou Bay. J Ocean Univ Qingdao 32(6) 1012-1018 (in Chinese with Enghsh abstract) Kano K (1990) Relation between increase of coral and atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration. Umi to Sora 65 259-265 (in Japanese)... 

Germacrene D is considered a progenitor of many sesquiterpenoids, and it is itself a constituent of a large number of essential oils from plants as different as Pseudotsuga japonica, the Japanese Douglas fir, and the soft coral, Sinulara erecta. 

Trunkfish belong to the order Tetraodontiformes and live mostly in tropical environments near coral reefs. When disturbed, these fish exude a secretion that is toxic to potential predators (Cameron and Endean, 1973). The Hawaiian species Ostracion lentiginosus secretes pahutoxin, which is a quaternary ammonium salt derived from palmitic add and choline (Boylan and Scheuer, 1967 Thomson, 1968), and the Japanese species Ostracion immaculatus produces a mixture of pahutoxin (major... 

Mori, K., Iguchi, K., Yamada, N., Yamada, Y, and Inouye, Y. (1987) Stolonidiol, a diterpenoid with cytotoxicity from Japanese soft coral. Tetrahedron Lett., 28, 5673-5676. 

Natori, T, Kawai, H., and Fusetani, N. (1990) Tubiporein, a novel diterpene from a Japanese soft coral Tubipora sp. Tetrahedron Lett., 31, 689-690. 

Yamada, K. and Higuchi, R. (2001) Bioactive diterpenoids from Japanese soft corals, in Bioactive Compounds from Natural Sources (ed. C. Tringali), Taylor Francis, pp. 639-673. 

Yamada, K., Ujiie, T, Yoshida, K, Miyamoto, T., and Higuchi, R. (1997c) Sinulobatins A-D, new amphilectane-lype diterpenoids from the Japanese soft coral Sinularia rumolobata. Tetrahedron, 53, 4569-4578. 

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