Copula

Paarling, n. conjugated substance (jOld Chem.) copula (Biol.) allelomorph. Paarung, /. pairing, coupling, conjugation, paarweise, adv. in pairs, in couples. 

Among chiral auxiliaries, l,3-oxazolidine-2-thiones (OZTs) have attracted important interest thanks to there various applications in different synthetic transformations. These simple structures, directly related to the well-documented Evans oxazolidinones, have been explored in asymmetric Diels-Alder reactions and asymmetric alkylations (7V-enoyl derivatives), but mainly in condensation of their 7V-acyl derivatives on aldehydes. Those have shown interesting characteristics in anti-selective aldol reactions or combined asymmetric addition. Normally, the use of chiral auxiliaries which can accomplish chirality transfer with a predictable stereochemistry on new generated stereogenic centers, are indispensable in asymmetric synthesis. The use of OZTs as chiral copula has proven efficient and especially useful for a large number of stereoselective reactions. In addition, OZT heterocycles are helpful synthons that can be specifically functionalized. 

Par ticular nonlinear dependence (copula) Particular correlation coefficient Positively associated Negatively associated Unknown dependence... 

Berzelius had introduced his theory of copulae in order to reconcile his electrochemical theory of 1811 with the new phenomena obtained in the organic field which seemed incompatible with it. As time passed, the number of supporters of his theory diminished, and the number of its opponents increased. More and more complicated and improbable formulas became necessary to make the theory agree with experimental facts. Berzelius stratagem of regarding some compounds as conjugated compounds bore little resemblance to reality in many cases, and although Claus in... 

Palomino J. J., Rodriguez M. and Cuerda D. (1994) Comportamiento de copula y competition de esperma en Tenebrio molitor. Etologta. 4, 19-26. 

Heptanal (hi9), emitted by the bug T. infestans during courtship and copula, attracted female conspecifics.191 (2 ,4Z)-2,4-Heptadienal (A80) and the respective alcohol A81 are produced by males of the leaf beetle Diorhabda elongata and are attractive to both sexes.379 (f )-2-Heptanol (A12) is a female sex pheromone component of the caddis fly Molanna angustata,380... 

T31) shows a 5-hydroxygeranial structure (carrying an additional oxygen function at position 7). An antiaphrodisiac, tranr-/3-ocimene (T134), that male Heliconius butterflies transfer to the females during copula is also... 

Berzelius introduced his theory of copulae to make his electrochemical theory (1811) compatible with newly discovered organic compounds, but with time the supporters of his theory were outnumbered by its opponents. Increasingly complicated and improbable formulas became necessary to reconcile the theory with experimental facts. In many cases, Berzelius device of regarding some compoimds as conjugated species bore little resemblance to reality. Claus (1854) and Blomstrand (1869) tried to revive and modify Berzelius ideas, but otherwise his theory was of little value. 

Boerhaave. (1732). Ekmenta chemiae ii, 98. non igitur hie etiam actiones mechanicae, non pro-pulsiones violentiae, non inimicitiae cogitandae, sed amicitia si amor dicendus copulae cupido. Boerhaave. (1741). A. New Method i, 511. 

Stallions may have problems with penile erection secondary to traumatic injury of the penis. In other stallions, ejaculatory dysfunction, secondary to neurological and musculoskeletal problems that affect the stallion s ability to mount and thrust, may be the primary cause of breeding failure. In these cases, ejaculation in copula or ex copula may be enhanced pharmacologically. 

Adrenergic agents and/or tricyclic antidepressants may be used to induce ejaculation ex copula (also known as "chemical ejaculation") in stallions that have inadequate erection prior to or following insertion. Ejaculation is either observed within 3 min of (associated with the onset of sedation) or 15-20 min after (associated with recovery from sedation) the i.v. administration of the U2 adrenoceptor agonist xylazine (0.66mg/kg) (McDonnell 1999). Ejaculation typically occurs 10-60min after the i.v. administration of the tricyclic antidepressant imipramine (2.2mg/kg) (McDonnell 1999). These two medications may be used in combination imipramine is administered p.o. at a dose rate of 0.075-2.0 mg/kg followed 1-2 h later by xylazine (0.3 mg/kg i.v.). Ejaculation occurs 3-15 min after the xylazine (McDonnell 1993, McDonnell 2001). PGF2a i.m. at 0.005-0.01 mg/kg results in ejaculation 5-90 min later (McDonnell 1999). 

A copula is an imaginary body, the presence of which disguises all the chemical properties of the compounds with which it is united. Thus margaric acid contains oxalic acid united to the... 

But, it may be asked, what proof is there that margaric and butyric acids contain oxalic acid It is precisely because there is no proof, that they do contain it. We have just said that copulae disguise the properties of the bodies to which they are united. If, by any reaction, we could render probable the existence of oxalic acid in margaric acid, this reaction would prove that margaric acid was not a copulated body. Reactions are quite incapable of unravelling the mystery, nought but the penetrating spirit of dualism will suffice. 

But admitting that acetic acid is a copulated body, what has that to do with the analogy subsisting between certain bodies and their chloro-derivatives Let us see. Acetic acid, say these gentlemen, contains oxalic acid, copulated with C H trichloracetic acid also contains oxalic acid, but its copula is But... 

Fig. 19. Schematic illustration of the zonal distribution of somatostatin immunoreactive Purkinje cells at different levels of the cerebellum of a 21 day old rat. Drawings have been made from frontal, cresyl-violet stained sections. Each dot represents 2-5 cells. Abbreviations 5-9, cerebellar lobules V-IX 4V, 4th ventricle COP, copula pyramis CR2, crus 2, ansiform lobule FL, flocculus PFL, paraflocculus PM, primary fissure SF, secondary fissure. Villar et al. (1989).

Fig. 55. Coronal section through the copula pyramidis (lobule VllI). In the adult rat granule cells in the lateral tip of the copula pyramidis show strongly reduced staining intensity for NADPH-diaphorase, in contrast to the medial copula, where a cluster of heavily stained granule cells can be seen, g, granular layer m, molecular layer. Scale bar = 200 /tm. Schilling et al. (1994).

Fig. 99. Cerebellum of Macaca fascicularis. a. Anterior aspect, b. Ventral aspect, c. Caudal aspect, d. Dorsal aspect. Regions without cortex, where the white matter comes to the surface, are indicated with light hatching. Heavy hatching indicates cross section of the cerebellar peduncles, solid black indicates roof of the fourth ventricle in b. CrI = Crus I of the ansiform lobule CrII = crus II of the ansiform lobule FLO = flocculus fpl = posterolateral fissure PFLD = dorsal parafloculus PFLV = ventral paraflocculus PMD(cop) = paramedian lobule (copula pyramidis) SI = lobulus simplex.

Fig. 143. Comparison between Purkinje cells of the A and B zone (open circles) retrogradely labelled from the vestibular nuclei (left side) and retrograde labelling of Purkinje cells of the X zone after an injection of WGA-HRP in the transitional region of the fastigial and posterior interposed nucleus the rat (right side). Purkinje cells of the X zone occupy the Zebrin-positive P2+ zone labelled Purkinje cells of the lateral A zone and the B zone are located in the Zebrin-negative PI- and P2- zones. Graphical reconstructions of transverse sections double labelled for HRP reaction product and Zebrin 1 immunocytochemistry. COP = copula pyra-midis CrI and II = crus I and II of the paramedian lobule PMD = paramedian lobule SI = simple lobule I-X = lobules I-X. Voogd et al. (1991b).

Fig. 144. Localization of retrogradely labelled Purkinje cells (open circles) from an injection of WGA-HRP in the dorsolateral protuberance of the medial cerebellar nucleus (left) and of anterograde transport of Phaseolus vulgaris leucaglutinin (PhaL) in climbing fibers (stripes) from the medial portion of the MAO (tectorecipient area), with respect to bands of Zebrin-I labelled Purkinje cells in the rat. Reconstructions from sections double-stained for Zebrin and WGA-HRP or PhaL. Numbering of Zebrin-immuno-reactive Purkinje cell zones according to Hawkes and Leclerc (1987). COP = copula pyramidis Crl(II) = crus I(II) of the ansiform lobule PMD =paramedian lobule SI = simple lobule I-X = lobules I-X. Voogd et al. (1991b).

Fig. 152. Diagrams showing the topographic pattern of the projections from the various mediolateral levels of the tuber vermis (lobule VII) and the paramedian lobule to the cerebellar nuclear complex in the rat. A. Schematic diagram of the posterior surface of the cerebellum and subdivision of the tuber vermis and paramedian lobule, based on the topography of their projections. B. Schematic sagittal diagrams of the nuclear complex showing the terminal fields which receive projections from the individual subdivisions of the tuber vermis and paramedian lobule. AIN = anterior interposed nucleus cm = caudomedial sub-division of the medial nucleus Cop. pyr = copula pyramidis DLH = dorsolateral hump DLP = dorsolateral protuberance of the medial nucleus LN = lateral cerebellar nucleus LVN = lateral vestibular nucleus m = medial nucleus PIN = posterior interposed nucleus Pml = paramedian lobule. Umetani (1989).

Fig. 184. The tecto-recipient zones in the vermis (lobule VII) and the hemisphere (paramedian lobule. Crus II and simple lobule) of rat cerebellum. Note their absence from anterior lobe. Crus I and copula pyramidis. Compare Fig. 142. ANT = anterior lobe COP = copula pyramidis Crl(II) = crus 1(11) of ansiform lobule PMD = paramedian lobule SI = simple lobule. IV-IX = lobules IV-IX. Redrawn from Akaike (1992).

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