Copper relative sensitivity factor

An KRATOS XSAMS 800 XPS machine equipped with an atmospheric reaction chamber was used to characterize the valence state and surface composition of copper in the catalysts before and after the NO decomposition reaction. The binding energies were determined relative to Si 2p at 103.2 eV. For the surface composition signals of Cu 2p, 01s, C Is, Si 2p and A12p were considered using the sensitivity factors ven by the manufacturer. 

For the elucidation of chemical reaction mechanisms, in-situ NMR spectroscopy is an established technique. For investigations at high pressure either sample tubes from sapphire [3] or metallic reactors [4] permitting high pressures and elevated temperatures are used. The latter represent autoclaves, typically machined from copper-beryllium or titanium-aluminum alloys. An earlier version thereof employs separate torus-shaped coils that are imbedded into these reactors permitting in-situ probing of the reactions within their interior. However, in this case certain drawbacks of this concept limit the filling factor of such NMR probes consequently, their sensitivity is relatively low, and so is their resolution. As a superior alternative, the metallic reactor itself may function as the resonator of the NMR probe, in which case no additional coils are required. In this way gas/liquid reactions or reactions within supercritical fluids can be studied... 

In contrast to tree and fungal laccase, whose molecular parameters and mechanisms of action have been thoroughly investigated (8), few such studies have been reported for ascorbate oxidase. This is mainly because of the relatively diflScult isolation and purification procedure of ascorbate oxidase in comparison with laccase. Furthermore, this enzyme appears to be more sensitive to environmental factors such as ionic strength of the buffer medium, its pH, or the presence of extraneous metal ions. Consequently, many samples isolated over a long period were found to be homogeneous from the standpoint of the protein biochemist but appeared inhomogeneous with respect to the catalytically active copper sites (9). 

Resonant elastic scattering At certain energies, the yield of RBS analysis may be strongly enhanced (or reduced) by interactions with the target nucleus. One example of this is resonant scattering of protons from i.e. C(p,p) C. At an energy of 1.76 0.1 MeV, the cross-section for backscattered protons from increases by a factor of 60 relative to the classical Rutherford formula and this can be exploited to improve the sensitivity for carbon. This is shown in the simulations of Figure 7, for a 10 nm thick layer of carbon on a copper substrate. 

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