Copper magnetic properties

In addition to nickel alloys, nickel also forms an important alloying element in stainless steels and in cast irons, in both of which it confers additional corrosion resistance and improved mechanical and engineering properties, and in Fe-Ni alloys for obtaining controlled physical and magnetic properties (see Chapter 3). With non-ferrous metals nickel also forms important types of alloys, especially with copper, i.e. cupro-nickels and nickel silvers these are dealt with in Section 4.2. 

We have already mentioned some of the important roles that the d-block metals play in virtually every aspect of our lives. Steel, an alloy based on iron, is important in construction and transportation and the nonferrous alloys, those based on other metals—most notably, copper—are also important in industry, for their corrosion resistance and strength. Some of these alloys are also desired for their magnetic properties. 

One of the reasons for my having attacked this problem in 1938 was that I was thoroughly dissatisfied with the claim of some physicists that only the s electrons were involved in the cohesion of the transition metals the observed magnetic properties were said to show that the bonding in Ni involves 0.61 s electrons per atom, that in Co involves 0.71, that in Fe involves 0.22, and that in Cu involves 1 (the d shell for copper having its full complement of 10 electrons). The physical properties of these 297 0022-4596/84 3.00... 

Complexes. The structure of an n a charge-transfer complex between quinoxaline and two iodine atoms has been obtained by X-ray analysis and its thermal stability compared with those of related complexes. The hydrogen bond complex between quinoxaline and phenol has been studied by infrared spectroscopy and compared with many similar complexes. Adducts of quinoxaline with uranium salts and with a variety of copper(II) alkano-ates have been prepared, characterized, and studied with respect to IR spectra or magnetic properties, respectively. 

In their pursuit of determining solution structures of dinuclear copper complexes as carried out for complex (29) (Section 6.6.3.1.1). Comba reported complex (431) (r = 0.02 Cu-Cu 6.9 A, comparable with the values of 7.2 A predicted by molecular mechanics calculations and 6.7 A obtained from the simulated EPR spectrum).54 They reported369 complexes (432) (square planar) and (433) (Cu-Cu 3.35 A) as well. As part of studying magnetic properties of mono-, di-, and... 

Hitchman and his co-workers (121,122,151) have shown how the ground state wave function (in the form ax2 + by2 + cz2) can be obtained for rhombic copper(II) systems the coefficients a, b and c thus obtained are in reasonable agreement with those found by analysis of the e.s.r. spectrum. Marshall and James (123) have attempted an ambitious analysis of the optical and magnetic properties of [Cu(H20)6]2+ in several crystalline environments the AOM was used to parameterise the theoretical expressions for the various experimental properties, in order to see whether a great... 

Other Ternary Copper Oxides Two other ternary oxides of copper(II) are worthy of mention. These are BaCu02 and the Ln2Cu04 series in which Ln = Nd, Sm, Eu, and Gd. The former compound, BaCu02, was first reported in 1975 by Arjomand and Machin (120), and they briefly reported on its powder pattern and magnetic properties. Further studies on BaCu02 were carried out the... 

The crystal structure of cupric acetate hydrate, Cu2(CH COO)4 2H20, shows that the pairs of copper atoms are only 2.64 A apart.50 This distance corresponds to a bond with n = 0.33. The substance has anomalous magnetic properties that have been interpreted as representing a weak bond.51 Similar bonds have been reported for several crystals containing Ni, Pd, and other metal atoms. 

Figure 28 The temperature variable magnetic properties of copper(II) complexes (a) paramagnetic, t ia. T (b) paramagnetic, x vs. l/T (c) ferromagnetic, % vs. T and (d) antiferromagnetic, x vs. T...

The copper(III) ion with an (Ar)3d8 configuration generates the spectroscopic states 3F, 3P, which split in an octahedral crystal field as shown in Figure 108(a). The magnetic properties of... 

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