Electrical properties copper

The principal effects of air pollutants on metals are corrosion of the surface, with eventual loss of material from the surface, and alteration in the electrical properties of the metals. Metals are divided into two categories—ferrous and nonferrous. Ferrous metals contain iron and include various types of steel. Nonferrous metals, such as zinc, aluminum, copper, and silver, do not contain iron. 

Martin BE and Petrie A. Electrical properties of copper-manganese spinal solutions and their cation valence and cation distribution. J. Phys. Chem. Solids 2007 68 2262-2270. 

The bulk (or volume)-specific resistance is one of the most useful general electrical properties. Specific resistance is a physical quantity that may vary more than 10 in readily available materials. This unusually wide range of conductivity allows wide variety of electrical applications. Conductive materials, such as copper, have specific resistance values of about 10 fl-cm, whereas good insulators such as polytetrafluoroethylene and LDPE have values of about 10 fl-cm. Specific resistance is calculated from the following equation where R is the resistance in ohms, a is the pellet area in square centimeters, t is the pellet thickness in centimeter, and P is the specific resistance in ohm-centimeter ... 

CV investigations of 6-mercaptopurine and 8-mercaptoquinoline SAMs on pc-Au electrodes have been presented by Madueno et al. [186] and He etal. [187], respectively. Several model electrode reactions involving various redox probes were studied using such modified electrodes. Baunach and Kolb etal. [188] have deposited copper on disordered benzyl mercaptan film on Au(lll) surfaces. They have also studied the behavior of benzyl mercaptan SAM on Au(lll) in H2SO4 solution using CV and STM. Structural and electrical properties of SAMs based on tetrathiafulvalene derivatives on Au(lll) were investigated. These mono-layers were disordered, or at least loosely... 

Composite-based PTC thermistors are potentially more economical. These devices are based on a combination of a conductor in a semicrystalline polymer—for example, carbon black in polyethylene. Other fillers include copper, iron, and silver. Important filler parameters in addition to conductivity include particle size, distribution, morphology, surface energy, oxidation state, and thermal expansion coefficient. Important polymer matrix characteristics in addition to conductivity include the glass transition temperature, Tg, and thermal expansion coefficient. Interfacial effects are extremely important in these materials and can influence the ultimate electrical properties of the composite. 

Epstein, A., and B. Wildi Electrical properties of poly(copper phthlalocy-nine). J. Chem. Phys. 32, 324 (1960). 

For specialised applications where electrical conductivity is required, such as antistatic flooring or shielding of electromagnetic induction, specific carbon black pigment/filler is used. Copper and nickel metal powders have also been studied (112). A review is available of the electrical properties of polymers filled with different types of conducting particles (416). 

Recently, phosphane and phosphite copper(I) carboxylates have become favored over copper(I) / -diketonates, since these species produce copper films of high purity with excellent electrical properties at low temperatures. However, at the time this review is being written Cu(I) / -diketonates are commercially available, e.g. Cu(hfac)( -ViSiMe3) (lOo, CupraSelect ) and Cu(hfac)(mhy) (10k, Gigacopper ), making this class of metal enolate precursors still the most important in industrial applications. 

Copper is an ideal candidate material for these applications. High-purity copper is commercially available and, when even greater radiopurity is needed, additional electrochemical puritication can be combined with the final construction step, resulting in electrofomied copper of extreme purity. Copper also offers desirable thermal, mechanical, and electrical properties. 

The alloys of beryllium and copper have received much study, These alloys are of value in making scientific instruments on account of their electrical properties. They also possess a resonance of excellent quality and are prized for the making of musical instruments. 

Organic solar cell (OSC) efficiencies of 5% were recently achieved on indium tin oxide (ITO)/CuPc/CuPc C6o/C6o/bathocuproine (BCP)/A1 photovoltaic (PV) devices employing donor (D) copper-phtalocyanine (CuPc) and acceptor (A) fullerene C6o materials [1]. However, little is known about how the device performance and electrical properties are influenced by the composition and preparation conditions of the CuPciC blend layer. 

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