Copper chloride, reaction with

Copper (I) chloride, reaction with an organomagnesium compound, 50, 98... 

Coupling of acetylenes and halides, copper-promoted, 50,100 Cuprous chloride, reaction with an organo-magnesium compound, 50,98... 

The process of ethylchlorosilane preparation by copper-catalysed ethyl-chloride reaction with silicon is very complex, and the mechanism of this process has not been fully established. However, similarly to the synthesis of methylchlorosilanes, the direct synthesis of ethylchlorosilanes most... 

As well as [2-H]-addition products, in copper-catalyzed reactions with norbornadiene and bicyclo[2.2.1]heptene (norbornene) as reactive alkenes, [2 + 2] products are also formed. The selectivity of the reaction depends on the reaction temperature. At — 20°C a 90-95% selectivity for the [2 + 2] addition can usually be obtained with copper(I) chloride/triphenyl-phosphane or triphenyl phosphite als catalyst.At higher reaction temperatures, products... 

Further interest has been taken in the chemistry of scale insects and mealybugs. All four diastereoisomers of 3-methyl-6-isopropenyl-9-decen-l-yl acetate (59), a component of the pheromone of the California red scale insect, Aonidiella aurantii, have been prepared.(S)-(-)-Citronel1ol was epoxidised followed by copper-catalysed reaction with 3-butenylmagnesium chloride to yield (58) (Scheme 10). Following dehydration and removal of the component containing the tetra-substituted double-bond by epoxidation, (3S, 6 5)-(59) was obtained. Further separation into the active enantiomer (35,6fl) followed a h.p.l.c. procedure. 

The preparation of functionalized uracils and purines is of high interest due to the biological properties of these important classes of heterocycles [97]. Starting from various protected 5-iodouracils such as 168, the addition of iPrMgBr (—40 C, 45 min) leads to the formation of the corresponding magnesium compound 169 that can be trapped by various aldehydes, ketones and acid chlorides, leading for instance, after transmetallation to copper and reaction with benzoyl chloride to ketone 170 in 73% yield (Scheme 4.35) [98]. 

However, hydrogen chloride gas, obtained as a by-product in chlorination reactions, is commercially converted to chlorine by passing the hydrogen chloride mixed with air over a copper catalyst at a temperature of 600-670K when the following reaction occurs ... 

Benzene Oxychlorin tion. In the benzene oxychlorination process, also known as the Raschig Hooker process, benzene is oxychlorinated with hydrogen chloride, air, and with the presence of iron and copper chloride catalyst to form chlorobenzene. The reaction occurs at 200—260°C and atmospheric pressure. The chlorobenzene is hydrolyzed at 480°C in the presence of a suitable catalyst to produce phenol and chloride. The yield of phenol is - 90 mol% of theoretical. These plants have been shut down for environmental and economic reasons. 

A convenient synthesis of organochlorosilanes from organosilanes is achieved by reaction with inorganic chlorides of Hg, Pt, V, Cr, Mo, Pd, Se, Bi, Fe, Sn, Cu, and even C. The last compounds, tin tetrachloride, copper(II) chloride, and, under catalytic conditions, carbon tetrachloride (117,118), are most widely used. 

Preparation. Thiophosgene forms from the reaction of carbon tetrachloride with hydrogen sulfide, sulfur, or various sulfides at elevated temperatures. Of more preparative value is the reduction of trichi oromethanesulfenyl chloride [594-42-3] by various reducing agents, eg, tin and hydrochloric acid, staimous chloride, iron and acetic acid, phosphoms, copper, sulfur dioxide with iodine catalyst, or hydrogen sulfide over charcoal or sihca gel catalyst (42,43). 

Nucleophilic Reactions. Useful nucleophilic substitutions of halothiophenes are readily achieved in copper-mediated reactions. Of particular note is the ready conversion of 3-bromoderivatives to the corresponding 3-chloroderivatives with copper(I)chloride in hot /V, /V- dim ethyl form am i de (26). High yields of alkoxythiophenes are obtained from bromo- and iodothiophenes on reaction with sodium alkoxide in the appropriate alcohol, and catalyzed by copper(II) oxide, a trace of potassium iodide, and in more recent years a phase-transfer catalyst (27). 

Oxychlorination of Ethylene to Dichloroethane. Ethylene (qv) is converted to dichloroethane in very high yield in fixed-bed, multitubular reactors and fluid-bed reactors by reaction with oxygen and hydrogen chloride over potassium-promoted copper(II) chloride supported on high surface area, porous alumina (84) ... 

Pure monochlorotoluene isomers are prepared by dia2oti2ation of the corresponding toluidine isomers followed by reaction with copper(I) chloride (Sandmeyer reaction). This is the preferred method of obtaining y -chlorotoluene. 

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