Cooling volume

In the design of commercial units, nomographs 18,19 are available which give a performance characteristic (KaV/L ), where AT is a mass transfer coefficient (kg water/m2s) and V is the active cooling volume (m3/m2 plan area), as a function of 9, 9W and (V G ). For a given duty (KaV/L ) is calculated from ... 

Effective cooling volume, ft3 (from eliminators to water level)... 

Figure 2. Conventional polymerization reactor with top-driven agitator, baffle, and wall-cooling (volumes up to 40 ms)...

Myers, B. A., 2003, Cooling Issues for Automotive Electronics, Electronics Cooling, Volume... 

Slow cooling volume constant, temperature decreased... 

Maximum deformation, parameter in cyclic, thermomechanical tests Free state deformation after cooling Volume fraction Critical volume fraction Volume resistivity Maximum stress 1,4-Butanediol Carbon black Carbon nanotube Dimethylformamide DMTA Dynamic mechanical analysis at varied temperatures DSC Differential scanning calorimetry / Frequency... 

The radiation exposure of workers is reduced through the reduction of the number of equipment items related to the core cooling system and a smaller core cooling volume. 

In the case of the photometer the complete instrument is cooled below 2K by liquid helium. The heat loads and cooled volumes have been found to be similar enough in the three cases however to consider development of a single dewar design compatible with these and presumably other Instruments. Preliminary sizing of the dewar is compatible with at least two of the model instruments being flown on any one mission. The masses, thermal control, data handling and control of these instruments present no major problems. 

Hot bottling ensures the stability of bottled red wines with respect to bacterial development, and sweet white wines with respect to refermentations. It is generally used with wines of average quality that have microbial stabilization problems. Heating to 45 or 48°C sterilizes the wine and the bottle. The presence of free SO2 avoids an excessive oxidation. Of course, a space appears below the cork after cooling (Volume 2, Section 12.2.4). 

I he mixture of fission-product gases, decay products, and purge helium leaves the expansion tank through the off-gas line, w hich is located in the top of the tank, and joins wdth a similar stream from the blanket expansion tank (see Fig. 17-5). The combined flow is delayed approximately 50 min in a cooled volume to allow a large fraction of the shorter-lived fission products to decay before entering the cooled activated-carbon beds. The... 

Consider how the change of a system from a thennodynamic state a to a thennodynamic state (3 could decrease the temperature. (The change in state a —> f3 could be a chemical reaction, a phase transition, or just a change of volume, pressure, magnetic field, etc). Initially assume that a and (3 are always in complete internal equilibrium, i.e. neither has been cooled so rapidly that any disorder is frozen in. Then the Nemst heat... 

Suppose that a given volume of the solvent when cold can dissolve 15 g. of A and 5 g. of B. If too g. of the crude product are dissolved in this volume of the hot solvent, and the solution allowed to cool, then (ignoring the small mutual effect on the solubility of each compound caused by the presence of the other) it is clear that 82 g. of A will crystallise, whilst the whole of B will remain in solution, since the latter is not saturated with respect to B. 

Hydrolysis of Potassium Ethyl Sulphate. Dissolve about i g. of the crystals in about 4 ml. of cold distilled water, and divide the solution into two portions, a) To one portion, add barium chloride solution. If pure potassium ethyl sulphate were used, no precipitate should now form, as barium ethyl sulphate is soluble in water. Actually however, almost all samples of potassium ethyl sulphate contain traces of potassium hydrogen sulphate formed by slight hydrolysis of the ethyl compound during the evaporation of its solution, and barium chloride almost invariably gives a faint precipitate of barium sulphate. b) To the second portion, add 2-3 drops of concentrated hydrochloric acid, and boil the mixture gently for about one minute. Cool, add distilled water if necessary until the solution has its former volume, and then add barium chloride as before. A markedly heavier precipitate of barium sulphate separates. The hydrolysis of the potassium ethyl sulphate is hastened considerably by the presence of the free acid Caustic alkalis have a similar, but not quite so rapid an effect. 

Boil a mixture of 5 ml. (4 g.) of acetonitrile and 75 ml. of 10% aqueous sodium hydroxide solution in a 200 ml. flask under a refluxwater-condenser for 30 minutes, when hydrolysis will be complete. Detach the condenser and boil the solution in the open flask for a few minutes to drive off ull free ammonia. Then cool the solution, and add dilute sulphuric acid (i volume of concentrated acid 2 volumes of water)... 

If the mother-liquor from the crude product (together with the washings) is concentrated to nearly half its original volume by gentle distillation, and is then cooled and seeded with a trace of the first crop, a second and less pure crop of the a-methylglucoside is obtained. This should be purified by recrystallisation from the mother-liquor obtained from the recrystallisation of the first crop, and then if necessary recrystallised a second time from a small quantity of fresh methanol. Yield of second crop, about... 

Method(B). Add3g. (3ml.)ofbenzonitrileto50ml.of lo-volumes hydrogen peroxide in a beaker, stir mechanically and add i ml. of 10% aqueous sodium hydroxide solution. Warm the stirred mixture at 40° until the oily suspension of the nitrile has been completely replaced by the crystalline benzamide (45-60 minutes). Cool the solution until crystallisation of the benzamide is complete, and then filter at the pump and recrystallise as above. One recrystallisation gives the pure benza-mide, m.p. 129-130° yield of purified material, 2-2-5 S ... 

Prepare a mixture of 30 ml, of aniline, 8 g. of o-chloro-benzoic acid, 8 g. of anhydrous potassium carbonate and 0 4 g. of copper oxide in a 500 ml. round-bottomed flask fitted with an air-condenser, and then boil the mixture under reflux for 1 5 hours the mixture tends to foam during the earlier part of the heating owing to the evolution of carbon dioxide, and hence the large flask is used. When the heating has been completed, fit the flask with a steam-distillation head, and stcam-distil the crude product until all the excess of aniline has been removed. The residual solution now contains the potassium. V-phenylanthrani-late add ca. 2 g. of animal charcoal to this solution, boil for about 5 minutes, and filter hot. Add dilute hydrochloric acid (1 1 by volume) to the filtrate until no further precipitation occurs, and then cool in ice-water with stirring. Filter otT the. V-phcnylanthranilic acid at the pump, wash with water, drain and dry. Yield, 9-9 5 g. I he acid may be recrystallised from aqueous ethanol, or methylated spirit, with addition of charcoal if necessary, and is obtained as colourless crystals, m.p. 185-186°. 

To obtain the benzoic acid, add an excess of concentrated hydrochloric acid carefully with stirring to the aqueous alkaline solution remaining from the original extraction. When no further precipitation of benzoic acid occurs, cool the solution (if perceptibly warm) in ice-water, and then filter at the pump. Wash the benzoic acid thoroughly with cold water, drain, and then recrystallise from a large volume of boiling water. Benzoic acid is obtained as colourless crystals, m.p, 121° yield, 19-20 g. 

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