Cooling Double

WWII. Shaped Charge Effect, discovered in 1888 by C.E. Munro and applied in 1910 to manuf of expl items by E. Neumann, was extensively utilized during the war. The effect is described under Detonation, Munroe-Neumann Effect in Vol 4 of Encycl, pp D442 to D454 WWII. Triethyleneglycol Dinitrate was.prepd in Italy and then in Germany for use in cool double-base propints, G Pulvern, of Gen. U. Gallwitz intended for hot climates like N. Africa. It was also used as proplnt in the Nebelwerfer (Ref 49, p 176 Ref 70, pp 368-69)... 

The reaction was carried out in an immersion-well photoreactor with a medium-pressure. 80-W Hg lamp in a water-cooled double jacket (quartz and Simax glass, sintered-glass inlet at the bottom of the reactor), and equipped with a dry icc cooled spiral cooler with an hydraulic seal. A mixture of 3,4,4-trifluoro-5.5-dimethyl-4.5-dihydrofuran-2(3//)-one (3 67 mg, 40 mmol) and solvent (2 mol) was irradiated for 10 h at 18-20 C in a stream of argon. The low-boiling part of the mixture was fractionally distilled off and the product was isolated by preparative GC (polybutane-1,4-diol succinate, 500 cm, 160-200 C) vicld 50-65%. 

West and co-workers11 achieved far greater sensitivity enhancement by trapping readily atomized elements, which had been nebulized conventionally for periods of up to a few minutes, onto the outer surface of a small bore, water-cooled quartz tube. If the water was then drained rapidly, the tube temperature quickly rose and the element was atomized off the surface. For cadmium in calcium chloride extracts of soil, for example, a detection limit of 4 ng (g soil) -1 was reported. A water-cooled double silica tube atom trap similarly has been very successfully employed for the determination of cadmium and lead in natural waters by flame AAS.12 Some further examples of applications of atom trapping are included in Chapter 7. 

Measurements using extended x-ray absorption fine-structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy were made on the insertion-device beam line of the Materials Research Collaborative Access Team (MRCAT) at the Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory. Measurements were made in transmission mode with ionization chambers optimized for the maximum current with linear response ( 10 photons detected/sec). A cryogenically cooled double-crystal Si (111) monochromator with resolution (AE) better than 2.5 eV at 11.564 keV (Pt L3 edge) was used in conjunction with a Rh-coated mirror to minimize the presence of harmonics [9]. The integration time per data point was 1-3 sec, and three scans were obtained for each processing condition. 

The low-temperature column is a Liebig condenser filled with glass Raschig rii s. It is cooled by circulating methanol from a constant temperature bath t. The distillation flask d is placed in a water bath 10 at room temperature. The trap f for collecting the pure disulfane is attached to k with an adapter. The liquid-nitrc en-cooled double trap I is connected to a vacuum pump. 

The experimental setup is shown in Figure 6.45. The utilized glass (Borofloat) microreactor was fabricated by LTF (www.ltf-gmbh.com) and consists of a half round meandering channel (1 mm width). The illuminated volume is assumed to be equal to the channel volume of 0.27 ml. For the experiments, a solution of P-citronellol (0.1 M) and Ru( bpy)3Cl2 (0.001 M) in ethanol was filled in a cooled double-walled container, saturated with compressed air, and fed continuously to the microreactor in a loop over a time interval of 60-70 h. Samples were taken twice a... 

Introduce about 0.7 mL of freshly boiled and cooled double-distilled water into the sample tube from the bottom opening using a suitable syringe. The water must be free of even the smallest air or gas bubbles. The sample tube shall be completely full. Allow the water to reach thermal equilibrium at the test temperature and record the T-value for water and the test temperature. 

Introduce freshly boiled and cooled double-distilled water into the sample tube as described in 10.2.3, allow the display to reach a st y reading and record the T -value for water. 

Flood panel (vacuum technology) A water-cooled, double-walled panel, such as the wall of a vacuum chamber, that is used to remove process heat from the surface. 

Fehrensen B, Hippier M and Quack M 1998 Isotopomer selective overtone spectroscopy by ionization detected IR + UV double resonance jet-cooled aniline Chem. Phys. Lett. 298 320-8... 

The complete assembly for carrying out the catalytic decomposition of acids into ketones is shown in Fig. Ill, 72, 1. The main part of the apparatus consists of a device for dropping the acid at constant rate into a combustion tube containing the catalyst (manganous oxide deposited upon pumice) and heated electrically to about 350° the reaction products are condensed by a double surface condenser and coUected in a flask (which may be cooled in ice, if necessary) a glass bubbler at the end of the apparatus indicates the rate of decomposition (evolution of carbon dioxide). The furnace may be a commercial cylindrical furnace, about 70 cm. in length, but it is excellent practice, and certainly very much cheaper, to construct it from simple materials. 

Into a 1 litre round-bottomed flask, fitted with a double surface condenser, place 250 g. (277 ml.) of dry ethyl acetate (1) and 25 g. of clean sodium wire (2). Warm the flask on a water bath in order to start the reaction. Once the reaction commences, it proceeds vigorously and cooling of the flask may be necessary in order to avoid loss of ethyl... 

In a 2-litre round-bottomed flask, equipped with a double surface condenser, place 60 g. of triniethylene dicyanide (Section 111,114) and 900 g. of 50 per cent, sulphuric acid (by weight). Reflux the mixture for 10 hours and allow to cool. Saturate the solution with ammonium sul phate and extract wit-h four 150 ml. portions of ether dry the ethereal extracts with anhydrous sodium or magnesium sulphate. Distil off the ether on a water bath the residual glutaric acid (69 g.) crystallises on cooling and has m.p. 97-97-5°. Upon recrystalhsation from chloroform, or benzene, or benzene mixed with 10 per cent, by weight of ether, the m.p. is 97 -5-98°. 

Note on the laboratory preparation of monoethylaniline. Although the laboratory preparation of monomethyl- or monoethyl-aniline is hardly worth whUe, the following experimental details may be useful to those who wish to prepare pure monoethylaniline directly from amline. In a flask, fitted with a double surface reflux condenser, place 50 g. (49 ml.) of aniline and 65 g. of ethyl bromide, and boU gently for 2 hours or until the mixture has almost entirely sohdified. Dissolve it in water and boil off the small quantity of unreacted ethyl bromide. Render the mixture alkaUne with concentrated sodium hydroxide solution, extract the precipitated bases with three 50 ml. portions of ether, and distil off the ether. The residual oil contains anihne, mono- and di-ethylaniline. Dissolve it in excess of dilute hydrochloric acid (say, 100 ml. of concentrated acid and 400 ml. of water), cool in ice, and add with stirring a solution of 37 g. of sodium nitrite in 100 ml. of water do not allow the temperature to rise above 10°. Tnis leads to the formation of a solution of phenyl diazonium chloride, of N-nitrosoethylaniline and of p-nitrosodiethylaniline. The nitrosoethylaniline separates as a dark coloured oil. Extract the oil with ether, distil off the ether, and reduce the nitrosoamine with tin and hydrochloric acid (see above). The yield of ethylaniline is 20 g. 

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