Conversion of carbon monoxide and

In the early 1920s Badische Arulin- und Soda-Fabrik aimounced the specific catalytic conversion of carbon monoxide and hydrogen at 20—30 MPa (200—300 atm) and 300—400°C to methanol (12,13), a process subsequendy widely industrialized. At the same time Fischer and Tropsch aimounced the Synth in e process (14,15), in which an iron catalyst effects the reaction of carbon monoxide and hydrogen to produce a mixture of alcohols, aldehydes (qv), ketones (qv), and fatty acids at atmospheric pressure. 

Twenty-Five Years of Synthesis of Gasoline by Catalytic Conversion of Carbon Monoxide and Hydrogen Helmut Pichler... 

Kolbel et al. (K16) examined the conversion of carbon monoxide and hydrogen to methane catalyzed by a nickel-magnesium oxide catalyst suspended in a paraffinic hydrocarbon, as well as the oxidation of carbon monoxide catalyzed by a manganese-cupric oxide catalyst suspended in a silicone oil. The results are interpreted in terms of the theoretical model referred to in Section IV,B, in which gas-liquid mass transfer and chemical reaction are assumed to be rate-determining process steps. Conversion data for technical and pilot-scale reactors are also presented. 

Pichler, H. 1952. Twenty-five years of synthesis of gasoline by catalytic conversion of carbon monoxide and hydrogen. Adv. Catal. 4 271-341. 

Barbier, Jr., J., and Duprez, D. 1993. Reactivity of steam in exhaust gas catalysis. I. Steam and oxygen/steam conversions of carbon monoxide and of propane over PtRh catalysts. Appl. Catal. B Environ. 3 61-83. 

The intention of this section is to discuss some aspects of the chemistry of metal complexes in solution which are related to the conversion of carbon monoxide and hydrogen to organic products. In order to provide a framework for the initial part of the discussion, we have adopted the simple reduction/insertion sequence shown in Eq. (2). 

Figure 7.2 Temperature dependence of conversion of carbon monoxide and hydrogen, and selectivity, over the World Gold Council 1.4% Au/Ti02 (dAu = 3.7 1.5nm) reaction mixture had [CO] = [O2] = 2% [H2] = 4.8% [He] = 48%.13...

The term water-gas shift reaction denotes the conversion of carbon monoxide and water into carbon dioxide and hydrogen... 

Figure 109. Conversion of carbon monoxide and gaseous hydrocarbons reached over a diesel oxidation catalyst at various settings of the exhaust gas temperature, for a model gas composition with and without SO2 (monolith catalyst with 62cells cm dedicated diesel washcoat formulations with platinum loading of 1.76gl" in the fresh state model gas light-off test at a space velocity of 50000Nir h model gas simulates the exhaust gas composition of an IDI passenger car diesel engine at medium load and speed).

D. Patents of Pier and Winkler (7) (1923) for controlled catalytic conversion of carbon monoxide and hydrogen to methanol exclusively (ZnO-Cr2Os catalyst). 

The conversion of carbon monoxide and hydrogen proceeds in two different ways, according to the equations ... 

Medium-pressure synthesis with cobalt catalysts. Earlier publications (18) indicated that the synthesis of hydrocarbons ought to be carried out at atmospheric pressure. The formation of high molecular products seemed to be the reason for rapid inactivation of the catalysts in the case of superatmospheric experiments. The decline of catalyst activity could not be compensated by an increase of the temperature. At higher temperatures, the conversion of carbon monoxide and hydrogen... 

Kolbel and Ackermann report on the basis of synthesis experiments with iron catalysts suspended in hydrogenated synthetic oil, not only a catalytic cracking of the oil, but also participation of the oil in the conversion of carbon monoxide and hydrogen, resulting higher molecular hydrocarbons (44). 

A WGS reactor for the conversion of carbon monoxide and water to hydrogen and carbon dioxide is widely used in chemical and petroleum industries. The reactor is also critically needed for the conversion of fuels, including gasoline, diesel, methanol, ethanol, natural gas, and coal, to hydrogen for fuel cells. Since the WGS reaction is reversible, the reaction is not efficient, resulting in a high concentration of unconverted CO (about 1%) in the H2 product and a bulky, heavy reactor. 

Three-Way Conversion (TWC) Catalyst. TWC-1 was evaluated on the same test unit with the catalyst inlet temperature raised to 650°C. The conversion of all three pollutants over a virgin catalyst is shown in Figure 11. The conversions of carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon at nominal A/F ratios much less than stoichiometric must be attributable mostly to steam reforming since the oxygen available was not sufficient to account for the observed conversion levels. This activity was lost... 

Supported catalysts were evaluated for initial oxidation activity on a plug flow reactor at various space velocities using a standard reactant mix consisting of 1% carbon monoxide, 1.25% oxygen, 1000 ppm nitric oxide, and 250 ppm propylene (all on a dry basis), 10% water, and nitrogen the balance. This poison-free mix was used to simulate automotive exhaust conditions for lean operation. Temperature was varied from 100° to 600 °C, and conversions of carbon monoxide and propylene were determined as a function of temperature. Space velocity was varied by using 1-4 monolithic pieces, each with a volume of 6 cm3. At a total flow rate of 7500 cm3/min, space velocities of 18,750, 25,000, 37,500, and 75,000/hr could be attained. 

---