Conversion constant with

These design fundamentals result in the requirement that space velocity, effective space—time, fraction of bubble gas exchanged with the emulsion gas, bubble residence time, bed expansion relative to settled bed height, and length-to-diameter ratio be held constant. Effective space—time, the product of bubble residence time and fraction of bubble gas exchanged, accounts for the reduction in gas residence time because of the rapid ascent of bubbles, and thereby for the lower conversions compared with a fixed bed with equal gas flow rates and catalyst weights. 

Because the second section shares a common shaft with the first section, it is not necessary to look up a new impeller size. Apply the Section 1 impeller diameter, Equation 5.15, and the conversion constants of 12 in./ft and 60 sec/min. to calculate a shaft speed. 

Note that value of kp is usually not constant with conversion since it depends on the monomer feed composition. 

Figure 1 shows tire relationship betweai CHO conversion, CL selectivity and process time (time on str m) over TS-ls with different Si/11 ratio and SSZ-41, The result over ZSM-5 (Si/Al ratio=90) is also represented in Figure 1. The CHO conversion decreases with process time, whereas the CL selectivity is almost constant during the process time. The deactivation of SSZ-31 is largest among toe zeolites. The CL selectivity over SSZ-31 is lowest among the zeolites. The catalyst dractivation of TS-1(45) is larpr than fliat of TS-1(200). These results suggest that the acidity and micro pesre size of the zeolite siraultaiKously affected the catalyst deactivation.

Figure 3a presents the maximum conversion and the initial rate of each compoimd versus the literatme second order rate constant for contaminant reaction with hydroxyl radicals. The conversion increases with increasing values of koH, but with considerable scatter. 

Total error variance may not be constant with conversion ... 

Oxidations of ammonia display ignition/extinction characteristics and auto-thermal reaction behavior. At low heat supply, only low conversion is observed and temperature remains nearly constant. With increasing heat supply and approaching a certain temperature, the reaction heat generated can no longer be transferred completely totally to the reactor construction material. At this stage, the reaction starts up . Suddenly, the temperature is raised by increased heat production until heat generation and removal are in balance. The reaction can now be carried out without a need for external heat supply, namely in autothermal mode. 

OS 33] ]R 16h] [P 25] For the nitration of a single-ring aromatic in a capillary-flow micro reactor, experiments were performed at two temperature levels, 60 and 120 °C [94]. Owing to the assumed increase in conversion rate with higher temperature, attempts were made to compensate for this by decreasing the capillary length at otherwise constant dimensions. For the 60 °C experiment, a very low... 

As anticipated, SA conversion increases with increasing residence time (1/LHSV) and with increasing temperature to a maximum of about 98%. This limit is most likely caused by equihbrium. This limit and thus the equilibrium constant were not affected by the temperature range studied, consistent with a low heat of reaction. The sum of the molar heats of combustion of stearic acid (11320 kJ/mol) and methanol (720 kJ/mol) is almost the same as the heat of combustion of methyl stearate (12010 kJ/mol), meaning that the change in enthalpy of this reaction is nearly zero and that the equihbrium constant is essentially temperature independent. 

The rate of polymerization R is equal to Rp because the amount of monomer consumed by the initiation and termination processes compared to the propagation reaction is a trivial quantity. The stationary state principles can be applied to the quantity Xo CEn], since its concentration is small compared to CC]o and [M]0 and constant with time at the conversions studied ... 

If the system is not of constant density, we must use the more general form of the equation for reaction time (12.3-2) to determine t for a specified conversion, together with a rate law, equation 12.3-3, and an equation of state, equation 2.2-9. Variable density implies that the volume of the reactor or reacting system is not constant. This may be visualized as a vessel equipped with a piston V changes with the position of the piston. Systems of variable density usually involve a gas phase. The density may vary if any one of T, P or n, (total number of moles) changes (so as to alter the position of the piston). 

In many interfacial conversion processes, certainly those at biological interphases, the diffusion situation is complicated by the fact that the concentration at the organism surface is not constant with time (c°(f) not constant). However, in most cases of steady-state convective diffusion, the changes in the surface... 

Towards the end of the polymerisations, the reactions tend towards first-order behaviour and thus we can make the reasonable assumption that [E] and [Pn+] are constant. With the further assumptions that [E] = [HClO4]0 k2 =k2and k2"=105 dm3 mol 1 s 1, [Pn+] can be calculated from the conversion curves in Figure 1 and is found to be of the order of 10"8 mol dm3 towards the end of the polymerisations. 

The existence of compositional heterogeneity may be evidenced by the dependence of the measured v on the extent of conversion of monomers to terpolymer for a random terpolymer163) (Fig. 56). Other data on the same diagram demonstrate that composition and v remain sensibly constant with conversion for a partial azeotrope. These observations are corroborated by the LS results in Table 15, which show that for the random terpolymer, M varies between 2.63 x 10s and 4.05 x 10s (that is, by about 50%) according to the solvent used. In contrast, for the partial... 

Fig. 12. General design chart for the tanks-in-series model described by eqn. (43), first-order reaction A -r r with no change in volume (e = 0). Ordinate gives the total volume of all the tanks in series divided by the volume of an ideal PFR which achieves the same conversion.-------, Constant kr -------, constant N.

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