Conventional magnetic separation

Magnex A process for removing mineral matter from coal by first rendering it magnetic. The coal is treated with iron carbonyl vapor, which deposits a thin skin of magnetic material on the pyrite and other mineral matter, but not on the coal. Conventional magnetic separation is then used. Developed by Hazen Research in 1976. 

Thus, it can be said that conventional magnetic sectors separate ions into individual m/z values by dispersion in space (spatially) and not according to their flight times. Contrarily, TOP analyzers separate ions of different m/z values according to their velocities (temporally) but not spatially. 

The combination of physical and chemical characteristics of nodules make impossible the application of methods of physical beneficiation such as flotation and magnetic separation to produce concentrates of valuable metals, and so chemical processing must be used. Their processing also tends to be much more energy-intensive, vis-a-vis that of conventional land-based ores. Deep-sea manganese nodules are quite unlike any terrestrial ores, both with respect to their physical characteristics and to their mineralogical and chemical compositions new processes are, therefore, required. 

The high sulphur content of Eastern Canadian coals, as much as 8 , has led to studies aimed at reducing these sulphur levels (1). In general about two thirds of the sulphur is pyritic, often occuring as small inclusions, and therefore difficult to remove by conventional means. One method which holds promise is pyrolysis followed by magnetic separation. 

As E. coli 0157 H7 is the most implicated STEC serotype in human cases, numerous immuno-based methods for the detection of this specific serotype have been documented. They include conventional Enzyme Linked Immuno Sorbent Assays (ELISA) in microplates, one-step immuno-detection systems, fully automated systems and various non enzymatic immunological based systems like Rapid Plate Latex Agglutination (RPLA), Immuno-Magnetic Separation (IMS) or immuno-chromatography (Table 3). 

The first meaningful study involving Curie-point PyMS was published in 1970, and dealt with the analysis of dyes, fatty acid derivatives, and substituted benzoic acids. The apparatus used in this study consisted of a Curie-point pyrolyzer coupled to a magnetic sector mass spectrometer by means of a short length of capillary tubing. The tubing led from the pyrolyzer to a conventional molecular separator positioned in front of the ionization chamber. This instrument became the benchmark for future developments in PyMS and led directly to the introduction of the first automated Curie-point pyrolysis mass spectrometer in 1973. 

The prime product is the steel, which is magnetically separated and then cleaned. The mixed non-ferrous metals are cleaned and resold. The residue is fluff, in light or heavy fractions, made up of glass, fabrics, rubber, lubricants and miscellaneous dirt as well as plastics. Conventionally, both categories of fluff have ended up as landfill. The systems as designed therefore make no provision whatever for the recovery of polymeric material. Meanwhile the mountains of fluff accumulate (see Fig. 8.2). 

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