Contralateral

It is widely accepted that men with testicular cancer have a higher incidence of abnormalities associated with impaired spermatogenesis, both in the cancerous testis but also in the contralateral testis. Men diagnosed as having testicular cancer often have very poor semen quality, with sperm concentrations of less than 10 million/ml compared to healthy men with > 50 million/ml." It is thought that gonadal function is abnormal even before testicular cancer develops, ... 

NB There is also conclusive evidence that this agent (tamoxifen) reduces the risk of contralateral breast cancer) 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-para-dioxin [1746-01-6] (Vol. 69 1997)... 

Studies with fenretinide in woman with stage I breast cancer did not show an overall effect of decreasing the risk of contralateral breast cancer. A protective effect could only be observed in premenopausal women, probably due to the modulation of the insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) by fenretinide in this population. 

Eye Irritation. Rabbit eyes were examined prior to experiments and found to be free of defects or irritation. Approximately 2 mg of 2,7-DCDD, 2,3,7,8-TCDD, HCDD, or OCDD were instilled in the conjunctival sac of one eye the contralateral eye served as a control. The eyes were examined at various times after treatment for conjunctival redness and chemosis, iritis, and corneal injury. Responses were cata-gorized according to intensity. 

Henderson RD, Steinman DA, Ehasziw M, Barnett HJ. Effect of contralateral carotid artery stenosis on carotid ultrasound velocity measurements. Stroke 2000 31(ll) 2636-2640. 

K NRjght to left. Ipsilateral Left to right. Contralateral ... 

Figure 7.7 Dopamine-induced rotation in the rat in which one (left) nigrostriatal dopamine pathway from the substantia nigra (SN) to the caudate putamen (CP) has been lesioned by a prior injection (14 days) of 6-hydroxydopamine. Amphetamine, an indirectly acting amine, releases DA and so can only act on the right side. Since the animal moves away from the dominating active side it induces ipsilateral rotation (i.e. towards the lesioned side). By contrast, the development of postS5maptic supersensitivity to DA on the lesioned side ensures that apomorphine, a directly acting agonist, is actually more active on that side and so the animal turns away from it (contralateral rotation)...

The termination pattern exhibited by A -fibres is entirely different from that of large AjS-fibres. A -fibres travel extensively in Lissauer s tract, overlying the dorsal horn and their terminals form a plexus at the surface of the spinal cord A(5-fibres from high-threshold mechanoreceptors distributed to laminae I, II outer and V. Projections also appear to terminate on the contralateral side, in lamina V. A(5-fibre innervations from deep tissues (muscles and joint) have been shown to terminate exclusively in lamina I, or in laminae IV and V. 

The two main olfactory tracts [Fig. 2.19(a)] comprise an ipsilateral bundle — in the lateral olfactory tract (LOT) — and some contralateral fibres in the anterior olfactory habenular tract (AOHT). The input from the MOS and AOS shows no inter-familial differences in the final brain locations, apart from minor anatomical variants (Schmidt, 1990). 

Output from the bulb in fishes includes contralateral projections in the afferent pathway, while it becomes exclusively unilateral in higher vertebrates, in parallel with that from MOB [Figs. 2.18(a) and (b)]. These centripetal (inward) connections of VN and main senses with the... 

All the drugs tested in these experiments were administered (IP) at doses ranging from 3 to 10 mg/kg (except for ketamine, which was tested at 10, 30, and 100 mg/kg). All the rats used had previously turned contralaterally in response to 0.05 mg/kg apo-morphine HC1. Net ipsilateral rotations were counted in two consecutive 15-minute bins, immediately following drug (or saline) admi ni strati on. ... 

Male, Sprague-Dawley rats were implanted under pentobarbital anesthesia with a bipolar electrode in the right dorsal hippocampus for hippocampal stimulation and recording. Stainless steel screws were also placed over the contralateral frontal and parietal cortices for recording cortical seizure activity. The electrodes... 

The agent currently being used clinically as a breast cancer chemoprevention agent is tamoxifen. In randomized trials of tamoxifen as an adjuvant treatment for breast cancer, women who received tamoxifen also were found to have a reduced incidence of contralateral primary breast carcinomas.16 A... 

The axonal projections from the DDC-expressing cells in the ventral ganglion also show tendencies to follow common pathways. The projections from the ventral lateral serotonin cells extend medially to fuse with axons projecting from the contralateral serotonin cells. At the midline, this projection is met by an axonal projection from the medial dopamine cell. 

Stimulation of a nociceptor in the periphery of the body elicits action potentials in the first-order neuron, which transmits the signal to the second-order neuron in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. From the spinal cord, the signal is transmitted to several regions of the brain. The most prominent ascending nociceptive pathway is the spinothalamic tract. Axons of the second-order sensory neurons project to the contralateral (opposite) side of the spinal cord and ascend in the white matter, terminating in the thalamus (see Figure 8.1). The thalamus contributes to the basic sensation or awareness of pain only it cannot determine the source of the painful stimulus. 

Figure 1.6 (A) Changes in c-Fos IR in hypocretin/orexin(HCRT+)- containing neurons in response to BIC treatment as a function of distance from the microdialysis probe. The percentage of double-labeled cells was greatest closer to the probe (grids 1 and 2, compared with 3 and 4) and was greater with higher concentrations or exposure times. Contralateral cells were not affected. (B) Much lower percentages of melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH+) exhibited c-Fos IR activation in response to BIC. From Alam et al. (2005).

Meshul, C.K., Kamel, D., Moore, C., Kay, T.S., Krentz, L. Nicotine alters striatal glutamate function and decreases the apomorphine-induced contralateral rotations in 6-OHDA-lesioned rats. Exp. Neurol. 175 257, 2002. 

SSR-504734 is a potent, selective, and reversible inhibitor (IC50 = 18 nM) that is competitive with glycine [47,51]. The inhibitor rapidly and reversibly blocked the uptake of [14C]glycine in mouse cortical homogenates, which was sustained for up to 7 h. Complete cessation of blockade and return to glycine basal levels occurred prior to 24 h, which is in stark contrast to NFPS (>24 h). SSR-504734 potentiated a nearly twofold increase of NMDA receptor-mediated excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) in rat hippocampal slices and produced an increase in contralateral rotations in mice when microinjected into the striatum. Microdialysis experiments indicated that the inhibitor induced a rapid and sustained increase in extracellular glycine levels in the PFC of freely moving rats [51]. The compound also demonstrated efficacy in a variety of psychosis models [51-53]. SSR-504734 was reportedly in clinical trials for schizophrenia but discontinued after Phase I (data not disclosed) [54]. 

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