Continuous trapping particle

If there is particle—particle interaction, as is the case for flocculated systems, the viscosity is higher than in the absence of flocculation. Furthermore, a flocculated dispersion is shear thinning and possibly thixotropic because the floccules break down to the individual particles when shear stress is appHed. Considered in terms of the Mooney equation, at low shear rates in a flocculated system some continuous phase is trapped between the particles in the floccules. This effectively increases the internal phase volume and hence the viscosity of the system. Under sufficiently high stress, the floccules break up, reducing the effective internal phase volume and the viscosity. If, as is commonly the case, the extent of floccule separation increases with shearing time, the system is thixotropic as well as shear thinning. 

A water-cooled stainless-steel probe (4.1-millimeter internal diameter) with four inlet holes (0.50-millimeter diameter) was used to continuously sample combustion products 2 cm above the burner. The samples were drawn through an ice-bath-cooled water trap, a drying column, and a 5-micron filter to reduce the water mole-fraction and to remove particles. Temperature and static pressure in the absorption cell were monitored using a type-S thermocouple and a pressure gauge. The flow entered the cell on the same end as the optical beam and exited on the opposite end through 0.5-inch windows before... 

Ad a. The set may be discrete, e.g. heads or tails the number of electrons in the conduction band of a semiconductor the number of molecules of a certain component in a reacting mixture. Or the set may be continuous in a given interval one velocity component of a Brownian particle (interval — oo, +00) the kinetic energy of that particle (0, 00) the potential difference between the end points of an electrical resistance (— 00, + 00). Finally the set may be partly discrete, partly continuous, e.g., the energy of an electron in the presence of binding centers. Moreover the set of states may be multidimensional in this case X is often conveniently written as a vector X. Examples X may stand for the three velocity components of a Brownian particle or for the collection of all numbers of molecules of the various components in a reacting mixture or the numbers of electrons trapped in the various species of impurities in a semiconductor. 

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