Continuous analog measurement

TTie dissimilarity of A and Af i p p provides a symmetry deficiency measure analogous to the ZPA continuous symmetry measure of discrete point sets. As a dissimilarity measure, both the SNDSM metric and the Hausdorff metric, or any other dissimilarity measure suitable for continua, are applicable. 

Fuzzy dissimilarity measures, such as the fuzzy FSNDSM metric fs(/l, B), and any one of the fuzzy Hausdorff-type dissimilarity metrics, for example, f(A,B), can be applied to the pair of set A and the folded-unfolded set Aff p p. These fuzzy dissimilarity measures generate fuzzy symmetry deficiency measures analogous to the ZPA continuous symmetry measure of discrete point sets. 

When we use continuous analog controllers, all signals in a loop are continuous in time. Then the dynamic behavior of each component in the loop (process, measuring device, controller, final control element), as well as the response of the overall control system, can be effectively analyzed by continuous models (differential equations in the time domain or transfer functions in the Laplace domain). 

This process is the continuous analog to that used to determine MCSs in the computation of chemical graph-based similarity measures, as discussed in Section 15.4.5.2. 

Analog measurements are those involved in continuously monitoring the magnitude of a signal or measurand. The use of analog instrumentation is extensive, and while... 

In practice, the only positive way to evaluate performance of a unit is to install it in the compressor system and observe its operation relative to noticeable system vibration, compressor performance, and measured frequency information. More recent (circa 1996) developments have continued to use the earlier analog techniques,and digital computer programs now allow an evaluation of the system prior to fab-... 

The spatial and temporal dimensions provide a convenient quantitative characterization of the various classes of large time behavior. The homogeneous final states of class cl CA, for example, are characterized by d l = dll = dmeas = dmeas = 0 such states are obviously analogous to limit point attractors in continuous systems. Similarly, the periodic final states of class c2 CA are analogous to limit cycles, although there does not typically exist a unique invariant probability measure on... 

Analogous to time as a measure of batch process performance, space-time (r) can be defined for a continuous reactor ... 

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