Mammals glucuronic acid conjugation

Many investigations of relevant enzymes in transformation of xenobiotics by aquatic species have shown that the similar enzymes observed in metabolism in soil, plant, and mammals play a role, such as esterases and oxidases [10, 159, 160]. Metabolism of pyrethroids has been most extensively studied in fish for cypermethrin (5) and permethrin (15). Aromatic hydroxylation at the 4 -position of the 3-phenoxybenzyl moiety followed by conjugation with glucuronic acid... 

Triadimefon is absorbed through dermal, inhalation or oral exposure routes. Triadimefon has a half-life of 2.5 h in blood plasma. Metabolism occurs in the liver resulting mostly in the formation of triadimenol and glucuronic acid conjugates. In mammals, 83-98% is excreted unchanged in the urine and feces within 2-3 days following oral administration. Metabolism of triadimefon occurs more rapidly in male rats compared to females. Radioactivity in male rats was found mainly in feces but more equally distributed between the urine and feces in females. 

When heme proteins are degraded in mammals, the polypeptides are hydrolyzed to amino acids while the heme groups are freed of their iron, which is salvaged, and are converted to bilirubin. After transport to the liver, bilirubin is coupled to glucuronic acid and the conjugated bilirubin is excreted into bile as the principal bile pigment. When increased production or decreased excretion of bilirubin causes its plasma concentration to exceed 0.1-1.0 mg/dL (2-17 /rmol/L), it diifuses into tissues and... 

In mammals appreciable amounts of glucuronic acid are lost, after conjugation in detoxification pathways in the liver, by renal excretion. In plants it can be re-used by the pathways shown some re-use may occur in animals, but there may be wide variation between different organisms and cell types. 

Glucuronic acid conjugation occurs in most mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibia, and to some extent in fishes. Phenols and carboxylic acids are... 

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