Conductance of sodium

Fig. 4. Modified Arrhenius diagram of the ionic conductivity of sodium chloride. Tis in Kelvin, O is in ((n-cm)...

Beta-alumina, mentioned in Section 1.2.2.2, is just the best known and most exploited of this family. They have been developed by intensive research over more than three decades since Yao and Kummer (1967) first reported the remarkably high ionic conductivity of sodium beta-alumina. Many other elements have been used in place of sodium, as well as different crystallographic variants, and various processing procedures developed, until this material is now poised at last to enter battery service in earnest (Sudworth et al. 2000). 

The conductivity of sodium dodecyl sulfate in aqueous solution and in sodium chloride solutions was studied by Williams et al. [98] to determine the CMC. Goddard and Benson [146] studied the electrical conductivity of aqueous solutions of sodium octyl, decyl, and dodecyl sulfates over concentration ranges about the respective CMC and at temperatures from 10°C to 55°C. Figure 14 shows the results obtained by Goddard and Benson for the specific conductivity of sodium dodecyl sulfate and Table 25 shows the coefficients a and p of the linear equation of the specific conductivity, in mho/cm, vs. the molality of the solution at 25°C. Micellization parameters have been studied in detail from conductivity data in a recent work of Shanks and Franses [147]. 

The high ionic conductivity of sodium (3"-alumina suggested that it would form a suitable electrolyte for a battery using sodium as one component. Two such cells have been extensively studied, the sodium-sulfur cell and the sodium-nickel chloride (ZEBRA) cell. The principle of the sodium-sulfur battery is simple (Fig. 6.13a). The (3"-alumina electrolyte, made in the form of a large test tube, separates an anode of molten sodium from a cathode of molten sulfur, which is contained in a porous carbon felt. The operating temperature of the cell is about 300°C. 

Drawing a Conclusion How does the conductivity of sodium chloride compare with sucrose Why is this the case ... 

Table IV. Conductivities of sodium lignosulfonate (NaLS) and sulfur lignin (SL) with some dopants ...

Potassium and sodium are good conductors of heat.23 If the conductivity of silver be unity, that of sodium is 0 365. J. W. Hornbeck found the temp, coeff. of the thermal conductivity of potassium or sodium falls with rise of temp. The alkali metals are also good conductors of electricity 24 for example, the conductivity of sodium for heat and electricity is exceeded only by silver, copper, and gold. According to E. F. Northrup, the metals sodium, potassium, mercury, tin, lead, and bismuth have the same value for the ratio of the coeff. of electrical resistance to the coeff. of cubical expansion at the same temp. The electrical conductivity of lithium is nearly ll-4xl04 reciprocal ohms at 20°, that is, about 20 4 per cent, of the conductivity of hard silver of sodium at 2T 70, 22 4 XlO4 reciprocal ohms, that is, about 36 5 per cent, of the value of silver. 

The temp. coeS. of the eq. conductivity of sodium carbonate soln. for the mean temp. 22° is 00265 and for potassium carbonate, 0-0249. H. C. Jones and A. P. West, and C. Deguisne have also studied the temp, coeff. of the conductivity of these salts. M. H. van Laar studied the formation of sodium hydroxide by the electrolysis of soln. of sodium carbonate with and without the addition of an oxy-salt. W. Bien calculates the transport number for the anion in 0 052V-soln. at 23° to be 0 590, but as in the case of lithium carbonate hydrolysis interferes with the... 

Naiditch, S., Electrical Conductivities of Sodium-Ammonia Solutions, in Metal-Ammonia Solutions. Physicochemical Properties, Colloque Weyl, G. Lepoutre, M. J. Sienko, eds., p. 113, Benjamin Press, New York, 1964. 

Keren, R. and M. J. Singer. 1988. Effect of low electrolyte concentration on hydraulic conductivity of sodium/calcium montmorillonite-sand system. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 52 368-373. 

The molecular electric conductivity of sodium nitrate between 321-5° and 487-8° C. is given by the formula14... 

The following values were obtained by Martin and Tartar [J. Am, Chem, Soc,t 59, 2672 (1937)] for the equivalent conductance of sodium lactate at various concentrations at 25 ... 

Tetrodotoxin is believed to be synthesized by a bacterial or dinoflagellate species. Tetrodotoxin blocks axonal transmission by lowering the conductance of sodium at nodes of Ranvier. It is a selective sodium channel blocker that can block nerve and muscle conduction action potentials are blocked while resting membrane potentials and resting membrane resistance are not affected. Tetrodotoxin does not... 

The conductivity of sodium chloride, hydrofluoric acid, and sugar solutions is illustrated below. 

From Table 4.1, the equivalent conductance of sodium benzoate will be ZNi. i + u/-... 

Fig. 6, in which the equivalent conductance of sodium iodide in ethyl alcohol at 25° is plotted as ordinates against the logarithms of the dilution, represents the behavior of many salts in solvents other than water. It will be seen that although the equivalent conductance is apparently approaching a maximum, the latter is much farther removed from the experimentally determined points than is the case with water solutions at corresponding dilutions. 

Fig, 6. The Equivalent Conductance of Sodium Iodide in Ethyl Alcohol at 25. VL Barak and H. Hartley, Z. physik. Chan., 16SA, 272 (1933). 

At low enough concentrations that the surfactant is totally dissolved and unassociated, the apparent equivalent conductivities of sodium 8-phenyl-n-hexadecyl-p-sulfonate ought to be about the same as the equivalent conductivities of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), because they have the same cation and this ion contributes the most (around 51/71 =75%) to the conductivity. It followed that the much larger equivalent conductivities measured in samples six or more months old could be attributed neither to the surfactant alone nor to a surfactant impurity, because they did... 

Figure 5. Concentration dependence of equivalent conductivity, at 25°C, of SDS, an ordinary micellar solution, and aged aqueous surfactant (S). One mmol/L of surfactant (S) corresponds to 0.0405 wt %. The critical micelle concentration of SDS is 8 mmol/L. For comparison, equivalent conductivities of sodium chloride and sodium iony at infinite dilution, are shown.

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