INDEX concentration

Table 4.7 also shows that the concentration is higher in England than in Spain. For example, the weighted average of the concentration index at paragraph/subparagraph level is 43 per cent in England, as opposed to 30 per cent in Spain. 

Fig. 1.22 Comparison of the measured UTS with Sg predicted from GLS (Eqn. 17a) plotted against a stress concentration index. Note that h is inversely proportional to r.

Figure 8.4 PCBs and PBDEs in selected foods analysed by Health Canada as part of its Total Diet Study (http //www.hc-sc.gc.ca/fn-an/surveill/total-diet/concentration/index-eng.php). PCBs and PBDEs were analysed in foods sampled in Vancouver, Canada, in 2002...

Gini concentration index statistical indices (O concentration indices)... 

The Gini concentration index is closely related to the Pratt measure C (see below) by the following expression [Carpenter, 1979] ... 

Theif s index. It is a concentration index simply defined as... 

The air quality can be calculated by API (Air Pollution Index). API is a conceptual concentration index which combines the several common air pollutants. API can represent the level of air pollution and quality of air condition. 

TCI (Tumor Concentration Index) = I Injected Dose/o op Tumor Z Injected Dose/o in Whole Bout ... 

Concentration index Area between the concentration curve and the diagonal along which everyone receives the same amount... 

Matrix Analysis line (A)t Matrix line (A)t Estimated visual detection limit (ppm) Concentration range (ppm) Concentration index (ppm) Background correction Remarks... 

A dummy-block is placed against the face of the extrusion ram. For the extrusion of rods the dummy-block is centered on a bolt being inserted in the solid ram and for the extrusion of tubes by means of a hollow ram, on the mandrel. The transition from the cylindrical part of the ram to its flange takes a tapered form. The bearing surface of the flange is dimensioned for a permissible specific unit pressure of about 4,000 kg/cm-. The area of the thrust ring which transmits the ram power to the cross-head, is dimensioned for a surface loading of about 1,500 to 2,000 kg/cm. On account of its stress-concentration index the surface and the central... 

Table 2 Cumulative share and Hetfmdhal concentration index of chemical patents invented in the European regions (1986-1997). Top 20 regions...

Table 3 Cumulative share and Herfindhal concentration index of patents invented in the European regions in biotechnology, materials, organic chemistry, pharmaceuticals and polymers...

Chrysler. The majority of variables could not be quantified directly they were latent variables. Other variables had to be found that correlate with the latent variables. These were proxies for the lead market advantages of countries. For instance, the degree of conpetition in an industry in a country is indicated by the concentration of lorry sales in the country s markets. A special concentration index called Herfindahl was used to quantify the concentration degree. Altogetiher a set of 32 and 29 indicators respectively were used in the analysis. 

An important application of this type of analysis is in the determination of the calculated cetane index. The procedure is as follows the cetane number is measured using the standard CFR engine method for a large number of gas oil samples covering a wide range of chemical compositions. It was shown that this measured number is a linear combination of chemical family concentrations as determined by the D 2425 method. An example of the correlation obtained is given in Figure 3.3. 

Additives for improving the viscosity index are added in concentrations of five to ten weight per cent of the oil. 

These products have molecular weights between 2000 and 10,000, well below those of additives improving the viscosity index (100,000). They are added in very small concentrations (0.01 to 0.3 weight percent) and at these concentrations they can lower the pour point 30°C. 

Multichannel time-resolved spectral data are best analysed in a global fashion using nonlinear least squares algoritlims, e.g., a simplex search, to fit multiple first order processes to all wavelengtli data simultaneously. The goal in tliis case is to find tire time-dependent spectral contributions of all reactant, intennediate and final product species present. In matrix fonn tliis is A(X, t) = BC, where A is tire data matrix, rows indexed by wavelengtli and columns by time, B contains spectra as columns and C contains time-dependent concentrations of all species arranged in rows. 

Chakactkrisation of Unsaturatkd Aliphatic Hydrocarbons Unlike the saturated hydrocarbons, unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons are soluble in concentrated sulphuric acid and exhibit characteristic reactions with dUute potassium permanganate solution and with bromine. Nevertheless, no satisfactory derivatives have yet been developed for these hydrocarbons, and their characterisation must therefore be based upon a determination of their physical properties (boiling point, density and refractive index). The physical properties of a number of selected unsaturated hydrocarbons are collected in Table 111,11. 

Fundamental Limitations to Beers Law Beer s law is a limiting law that is valid only for low concentrations of analyte. There are two contributions to this fundamental limitation to Beer s law. At higher concentrations the individual particles of analyte no longer behave independently of one another. The resulting interaction between particles of analyte may change the value of 8. A second contribution is that the absorptivity, a, and molar absorptivity, 8, depend on the sample s refractive index. Since the refractive index varies with the analyte s concentration, the values of a and 8 will change. For sufficiently low concentrations of analyte, the refractive index remains essentially constant, and the calibration curve is linear. 

Numerous methods for the deterrnination of monomer purity, including procedures for the deterrnination of saponification equivalent and bromine number, specific gravity, refractive index, and color, are available from manufacturers (68—70). Concentrations of minor components are deterrnined by iodimetry or colorimetry for HQ or MEHQ, by the Kad-Eisher method for water, and by turbidity measurements for trace amounts of polymer. 

Alumina Trihydrate. Alumina trihydrate is usually used as a secondary flame retardant in flexible PVC because of the high concentration needed to be effective. As a general rule the oxygen index of flexible poly(vinyl chloride) increases 1% for every 10% of alumina trihydrate added. The effect of alumina trihydrate on a flexible poly(vinyl chloride) formulation containing antimony oxide is shown in Figure 5. 

Limiting Oxygen Index. The minimum concentration of oxygen in an O2/N2 mixture that supports combustion of a vertically mounted test specimen is called the limiting oxygen index (3,4). Test specimens are 0.65 x 0.3 cm x 12.5 cm. The principal advantage of this test is its reproducibiUty which makes it useful for quaUty control. The main disadvantage is that the results rarely correlate with the results of other fire tests. 

Density and refractive index are nearly linear functions of formaldehyde and methanol concentration. Based on available data (16—19), the density may be expressed ia g/cm by the following approximation ... 

The concentration of distilled glycerol is easily determined from its specific gravity (15) by the pycnometer method (16) with a precision of 0.02%. Deterrnination of the refractive index also is employed (but not as widely) to measure glycerol concentration to 0.1% (17). 

---