Concentrates general information

In the following sections we discuss some aspects of solute-solvent interactions. This discussion is not a complete, current survey but rather an attempt to bring together some divergent experimental facets of water-solute interactions which often are not discussed by either theoreticians or experimentalists. For more detailed, general information see Refs. 18, 19, 20, and 73. The two essential points we wish to make are (1) even in moderately concentrated solutions, there is evidence for the persistence of structural elements of the type found in pure water and especially in dilute solutions (2) there is evidence for what appears to be discrete changes with concentration in the behavior of some aqueous solutions of both electrolytes and nonelectrolytes, and for nonelectrolytes this may be caused by the existence of discrete sites available to the solute molecules. Unfortunately, we shall be able to discuss only electrolyte-water interactions to any extent the often more interesting nonelectrolyte-water interactions will be discussed in a later paper. This is all the more... 

Macromolecules display continuous motions. These motions can be of two main types the molecule can rotate on itself, following the precise axis of rotation, and it can have a local flexibility. Local flexibility, also called internal motions, allows different small molecules, such as solvent molecules, to diffuse along the macromolecule. This diffusion is generally dependent on the importance of the local internal dynamics. Also, the fact that solvent molecules can reach the interior hydrophobic core of macromolecules such as proteins clearly means that the term hydrophobicity should be considered as relative and not as absolute. Internal dynamics of proteins allow and facilitate a permanent contact between protein core and the solvent. Also, this internal motion permits small molecules such as oxygen to diffuse within the protein core. Since oxygen is a collisional quencher, analyzing the fluorescence data in the presence of different oxygen concentrations yields information on the internal dynamics of macromolecules. 

We will try first to obtain some general information about the interaction energy between two identical spheres of radius a, separated by the distance of closest approach z, at high electrolyte concentrations, using some simple approximations. The following expressions will be used... 

The discussion developed above is concerned with differential absorptions, and information derived from it cannot be readily extended to absorptions of the integral type. Recent experiments [Odani, Kida, Kurata and Tamura (1961) Odani, Hayashi and Tamura (1961)] indicate that the absorption processes starting with a fixed initial concentration generally depend markedly upon the pressure increment of... 

In general, information in the form = g(X) is not available. However, we have seen in Section 3.1 that the rate of disappearance of A, -r, is normally expressed in terms of the concentration of the reacting species. This functionality,... 

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