Computational studies transfer

In this section, the results of a computational study 48 will be used to illustrate the effects of the solvent—and the significant complexity of these effects—in quantum charge transfer processes. The particular example... 

With the availabihty of computers, the transfer matrix method [14] emerged as an alternative and powerful technique for the study of cooperative phenomena of adsorbates resulting from interactions [15-17]. Quantities are calculated exactly on a semi-infinite lattice. Coupled with finite-size scaling towards the infinite lattice, the technique has proved popular for the determination of phase diagrams and critical-point properties of adsorbates [18-23] and magnetic spin systems [24—26], and further references therein. Application to other aspects of adsorbates, e.g., the calculation of desorption rates and heats of adsorption, has been more recent [27-30]. Sufficient accuracy can usually be obtained for the latter without scaling and essentially exact results are possible. In the following, we summarize the elementary but important aspects of the method to emphasize the ease of application. Further details can be found in the above references. 

Many computational studies in heterocyclic chemistry deal with proton transfer reactions between different tautomeric structures. Activation energies of these reactions obtained from quantum chemical calculations need further corrections, since tunneling effects may lower the effective barriers considerably. These effects can either be estimated by simple models or computed more precisely via the determination of the transmission coefficients within the framework of variational transition state calculations [92CPC235, 93JA2408]. 

The study of the peak temperature sensitivity to the reactor operating parameters and the construction of sensitivity boundary curves for stable reactor operation were previously reported ( l). This paper presents a computer study on conceptual relationships between the conversion-product properties and the reactor operating parameters in a plug flow tubular reactor of free radical polymerization. In particular, a contour map of conversion-molecular weight relationships in a reactor of fixed size is presented and the sensitivity of its relationship to the choice of initiator system, solvent system and heat transfer system are discussed. 

In their studies of frichon factors in channels with a number of different cross-sechonal geometries, Shah [103] and Shah and London [102] also computed heat transfer properties. A few characterishc cross-sechons for which Nusselt numbers were obtained are displayed on the left side of Figure 2.17. Their results include both the Nusselt numbers for fixed temperature and fixed heat flux wall boundary condihons and are given as tabulated values for different geometric parameters. 

The detailed mechanism of this enantioselective transformation remains under investigation.178 It is known that the acidic carboxylic group is crucial, and the cyclization is believed to occur via the enamine derived from the catalyst and the exocyclic ketone. A computational study suggested that the proton transfer occurs through a TS very similar to that described for the proline-catalyzed aldol reaction (see page 132).179... 

Computational studies were done on several ClZnCH2Cl models, and the results are summarized in Figure 10.5.178 A minimal TS consisting of ClZnCH2Cl and ethene shows charge transfer mainly to the departing Cl that is, the ethene displaces chloride in the zinc coordination sphere. The model can be elaborated by inclusion of ZnCl2,... 

Muino PL, Callis PR (2009) Solvent effects on the fluorescence quenching of tryptophan by amides via electron transfer. Experimental and computational studies. J Phys Chem B 113 2572-2577... 

The selectivity of the hydrogen transfer is excellent When employing a catalyst with deuterium at the a-positions of the isopropoxide ligands (17), complete retention of the deuterium was observed. A computational study using the density functional theory comparing the six-membered transition state (as in Scheme 20.3, the direct transfer mechanism) with the hydride mechanism (Scheme 20.3, the hydride mechanism) supported the experimental results obtained [36]. A similar mechanism has been proposed for the MPV alkynylations [37] and cyanations [38]. 

K. A. Jolliffe, S. J. Langford, A. M. Oliver, M. J. Shephard, M. N. Paddon-Row, A New Class of Giant Tetrads for Studying Aspects of Long-Range Intramolecular Electron Transfer Processes Synthesis and Computational Studies , Chem. Eur. J. 1999, 5,2518 - 2530. 

The mechanism for the iridium-catalyzed hydrogen transfer reaction between alcohols and ketones has been investigated, and there are three main reaction pathways that have been proposed (Scheme 4). Pathway (a) involves a direct hydrogen transfer where hydride transfer takes place between the alkoxide and ketone, which is simultaneously coordinated to the iridium center. Computational studies have given support to this mechanism for some iridium catalysts [18]. 

A recent study has indicated that the skeletal rearrangement step in the B12-catalysed isomerization of methylmalonyl-CoA to succinyl-CoA occurs not by a radical pathway but by an anionic or organocobalt pathway. A computational study of the isomerization of allyl alcohol into homoallyl alcohol by lithium amide has pointed to a process proceeding via a transition state in which the proton is half transferred between carbon and nitrogen in a hetero-dimer. l,l-Dilithio-2,2-diphenylethene... 

Two extreme epoxidation modes, spiro and planar, are shown in Fig. 9 [33, 34, 53, 54, 76-85]. Baumstark and coworkers had observed that the epoxidation of cis-hexene of dimethyldioxirane was seven to nine times faster than the corresponding epoxidation of tran.y-hexene [79, 80]. The relative rates of the epoxidation of cisitrans olefins suggest that spiro transition state is favored over planar. In spiro transition states, the steric interaction for cw-olefm is smaller than the steric interaction for fran -olefm. In planar transition states, similar steric interactions would be expected for both cis- and trans-olefms. Computational studies also showed that the spiro transition state is the optimal transition state for oxygen atom transfer from dimethyldioxirane to ethylene, presumably due to the stabilizing interactions... 

Detailed mechanistic investigations of transfer hydrogenations with Hantzsch ester by means of DFT computational studies were carried out by the groups of Goodman and Himo [42, 43]. 

There has been considerable interest in the last two decades in the site of acidity of hydroxamic acids. There are two possible acidity sites the NH and OH fragments in the C(0)NH0H group. It was originally assumed that these compounds were acidic due to the OH group. Since then, much effort has been expended on the determination of the site of proton transfer under various conditions by both experimental and computational studies. The proton transfer leads to the following possible products ... 

Transient absorption experiments have shown that all of the major DNA and RNA nucleosides have fluorescence lifetimes of less than one picosecond [2—4], and that covalently modified bases [5], and even individual tautomers [6], differ dramatically in their excited-state dynamics. Femtosecond fluorescence up-conversion studies have also shown that the lowest singlet excited states of monomeric bases, nucleosides, and nucleotides decay by ultrafast internal conversion [7-9]. As discussed elsewhere [2], solvent effects on the fluorescence lifetimes are quite modest, and no evidence has been found to date to support excited-state proton transfer as a decay mechanism. These observations have focused attention on the possibility of internal conversion via one or more conical intersections. Recently, computational studies have succeeded in locating conical intersections on the excited state potential energy surfaces of several isolated nucleobases [10-12]. 

Redaelli, A., Vesentini, S., Soncini, M., Vena, P., Mantero, S., and Montevecchi, F. M. (2003). Possible role of decorin glycosaminoglycans in fibril to fibril force transfer in relative mature tendons A computational study from molecular to microstruc-tural level. / Biomech. 36, 1555-1569. 

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