Compressors mechanical integrity

Covers mechanical integrity programs for pumps and compressors, including vibrationmonitoring programs... 

The exponent n depends on the amount of cooling, mechanical friction, and fluid friction dining compression. It is determined experimentally for any particular compressor. By integrating Equation 5.8 over a polytropic path, using Equation 5.16, it can be shown that the polytropic work of compression for an ideal gas. 

Turbo compressors can be of the radial or the axial type. They differ from each other in the direction by which the compressed gas leaves the impeller. If the amount of process air is below about 400 000 m h , radial turbo compressors are preferably applied in two particular designs, i.e. the integrally geared turbo compressor and the single-shaft compressor with integrated cooling devices. Their development has decisively pushed the evolution of industrial air separation. The specific thermodynamic and mechanical properties of these compressors will be introduced in the following. 

EQUATIONS FOR BLOWERS AND COMPRESSORS. Because of the change in density during compressible flow, the integral form of the Bernoulli equation is inadequate. Equation (4.32), however, can be written differentially and used to relate the shaft work to the differential change in pressure head. In blowers and compressors the mechanical, kinetic, and potential energies do not change appreciably, and the velocity and static-head terms can be dropped. Also, on the assumption that the compressor is frictionless, / = 1.0 and hf 0. With these simplifications, Eq. (4.32) becomes... 

The combined production of heat and power in the flame of the same process is called cogeneration. This technique offers opportunities for very efficient energy integration. The generated mechanical work or electricity can be used to drive compressors or heat pumps, while the heat can be used as hot utility. Two major applications will be examined. 

Supermarkets lose many millions of dollars each year due to stock losses from refrigerators in their stores. A typical supermarket may contain more than one hundred individual refrigerated cabinets, cold store rooms and items of plant machinery which interact as part of a complex integrated refrigeration system within the store. Things very often go wrong with individual units (icing up of components, electrical or mechanical failure, and so forth...) or with components which serve a network of units (coolant tanks, piunps, compressors, and so on). 

In blowers and compressors pressure changes are large and compressible flow occurs. Since the density changes markedly, the mechanical-energy-balance equation must be written in differential form and then integrated to obtain the work of compression. In... 

BSD system components that are located in areas that would be considered vulnerable to fire exposures (e.g., within tank dike areas, close to pumps, compressors, etc.) should be provided with appropriate fire protection measures to ensure integrity during BSD operation and during major efforts to control an incident. Actuating mechanisms may include control panels, valve actuators, air receivers instrumentation, cabling, tubing, etc. 

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