Compressed gases hydrocarbon derivatives

Nonflammable Compressed Gases Hydrocarbon Derivatives Nonflammable Gas Compunds Incidents Poison Gases Incidents Summary... 

Fig. 6,7. Pressure and light output records typical of those observed from the two-stage ignition of hydrocarbons. These results were obtained by the authors during the combustion of n-pentane in a rapid compression machine. The duration of the compression stroke was 22 ms, as shown in the lower pressure record. The first- and second-stage time intervals, measured from the end of compression, are marked as ti and T2 respectively. Compressed gas temperature derived from (6.16) was 740 K [49].

A few hydrocarbon derivatives from the alkyl-halide family are 2.2 nonflammable compressed gases. This illustrates the wide range of hazards of the alkyl halides as a group. Some are flammable, some are toxic, and some are nonflammable and nontoxic. They can still act as asphyxiants and displace the oxygen in the air. It is important to remember that the primary hazard of the alkyl halides is toxicity. Some of them are also flammable therefore, all must be assumed to be toxic and flammable until the individual chemical is researched and the actual hazards are determined. It is interesting to note that while the DOT lists tetrafluoromethane as a nonflammable, nonpoisonous gas, the Condensed Chemical Dictionary lists the compound as toxic by inhalation. The NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards does not list the compound. The best source of information about this compound and others may be the MSDS (material safety data sheet). Examples of nonflammable Class 2.2 alkyl halides are tetrafluoromethane and trifluoromethane. 

For compression ignition engines the most promising fuels include highly reformulated diesel fuel with virtually no sulfur liquid hydrocarbons derived from natural gas diesel fuels blended with specific oxygenate components alcohols derived from biomass or natural gas possibly blended with some... 

Derivation (1) Gas for industrial use, carbon dioxide is recovered from synthesis gas in ammonia production, substitute-natural gas production, cracking of hydrocarbons, and natural springs or wells. For laboratory purposes it is obtained by the action of an acid on a carbonate. It is also a byproduct of the fermentation of carbohydrates and an end product of combustion and respiration. Air contains 0.033% of carbon dioxide (see greenhouse effect). (2) Liquid by compressing and cooling the gas to approximately —37C. (3) Solid (dry ice) by expanding the liquid to vapor and snow in presses that compact the product into blocks. The vapor is recycled. 

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