Compounds of Oxygen

Berzehus (19) further appHed and amplified the nomenclature introduced by Guyton de Morveau and Lavoisier. It was he who divided the elements into metalloids (nonmetals) and metals according to their electrochemical character, and the compounds of oxygen with positive elements (metals) into suboxides, oxides, and peroxides. His division of the acids according to degree of oxidation has been Httie altered. He introduced the terms anhydride and amphoteric and designated the chlorides in a manner similar to that used for the oxides. 

They are, potentially or actually, cheap. Most ceramics are compounds of oxygen, carbon or nitrogen with metals like aluminium or silicon all five are among the most plentiful and widespread elements in the Earth s crust. The processing costs may be high, but the ingredients are almost as cheap as dirt dirt, after all, is a ceramic. 

Composition of water as a compound of oxygen and hydrogen established by H. Cavendish. 

D.24 The names of some compounds of oxygen are exceptions to the usual rules of nomenclature. Look up the following compounds, write their names, and identify them as ionic or molecular (a) KO, (b) Na202 (c) Cs03. 

Compounds of Oxygen and Nitrogen.—From the heat of formation of water from atoms... 

Boyle (1661) attempted to provide a more definite concept and attributed the sour taste of acids to sharp-edged acid particles. Lemery, another supporter of the corpuscular theory of chemistry, had similar views and considered that acid-base reactions were the result of the penetration of sharp acid particles into porous bases (Walden, 1929 Finston Rychtman, 1982). However, the first widely accepted theory was that of Lavoisier who in 1 111 pronounced that oxygen was the universal acidifying principle (Crosland, 1973 Walden, 1929 Day Selbin, 1969 Finston Rychtman, 1982). An acid was defined as a compound of oxygen with a non-metal. 

Beard, R.R. 1982. Inorganic compounds of oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon. In Patty s Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology, Vol 2C, Clayton, G.D. and Clayton, F.E., Eds. John Wiley Sons, New York. Pp. 4126 1128. 

The basis for the claim of discovery of an element has varied over the centuries. The method of discovery of the chemical elements in the late eightenth and the early nineteenth centuries used the properties of the new sustances, their separability, the colors of their compounds, the shapes of their crystals and their reactivity to determine the existence of new elements. In those early days, atomic weight values were not available, and there was no spectral analysis that would later be supplied by arc, spark, absorption, phosphorescent or x-ray spectra. Also in those days, there were many claims, e.g., the discovery of certain rare earth elements of the lanthanide series, which involved the discovery of a mineral ore, from which an element was later extracted. The honor of discovery has often been accorded not to the person who first isolated the element but to the person who discovered the original mineral itself, even when the ore was impure and that ore actually contained many elements. The reason for this is that in the case of these rare earth elements, the earth now refers to oxides of a metal not to the metal itself This fact was not realized at the time of their discovery, until the English chemist Humphry Davy showed that earths were compounds of oxygen and metals in 1808. 

Sometime later. Sir Humphry Davy believed that when acid reacted with a metal, the acid was the source of this unknown gas. This belief was at odds with the positions of most of the chemists of the day who believed that the source of the gas was the metals themselves—not the acid. In 1810 Davy declared that the new element was chlorine. He is generally recognized as the discoverer of chlorine because he correctly identifled it as a new element. Some scientists of the day claimed that Davy believed the new element was a compound of oxygen and thus misdiagnosed the new element. Most accepted his identiflcation of the new element and used the name proposed by Scheele. 

L.-J. Gay-Lussac and L.-J. Thenard believed (1) that muriatic gas contains one-fourth of its weight of water, (2) that oxymuriatic gas is a compound of oxygen and some other substance, and (3) that the substance obtained by heating calomel with phosphorus is a triple compound... 

The exceptional character o fluorine.—Fluorine has a little more individuality, so to speak, than the other three members of the family (1) There are no compounds of oxygen and fluorine (2) Chlorine, bromine, and iodine or the haloid acids show no signs of the remarkable effect of hydrofluoric acid and of fluorine on silicon (3) The solubilities of the sulphates, nitrates, and chlorides of barium, strontium, calcium, and magnesium decrease with increasing at. wt. of the metal, while the solubilities of the hydroxides increase the solubilities of the iodides, bromides, and chlorides... 

By far the most important compound of oxygen and hydrogen is water, HzO. Water is essential to life as we know it and possibly to life anywhere in the universe. A lot of it arrived on Earth from outer space in the form of comets, which are like huge dirty snowballs. When the Earth was young, comets collided with it frequently, and each one brought huge amounts of water to the planet. Another source of water was the rocks from which the young Earth initially formed. The water locked up inside these solids is released when they melt in the depths of the Earth. The emission from volcanoes—even today—contains vast quantities of water. 

Formation of Ternary Oxides12 Many compounds of mineralogical importance are ternary compounds of oxygen with a formula ABaO +, where A = Ca, Mg, Mn, Fe, Co, and Ni, and B = Si, W, C, and S. These compounds may be considered to be formed from the reaction of the binary oxides. That is... 

This mechanism differs from the commonly accepted two-route mechanism in steps (5) and (6) which account for oxygen exchange between surface and bulk. During step (6) an unreactive surface compound of oxygen is formed. 

Compounds of oxygen-containing bodies have also been isolated With ether C4H10O.A1C13 with anisolo C7H80.A1C13 with ethyl benzoate C9H10O2.Al.Cl3. All of these are crystalline solids. 

Two compounds of oxygen and chlorine are known chlorine monoxide and dioxide. When chlorine dioxide reacts with solutions of bases, chlorates are formed as well as salts of chlorous acid which are popular bleaching agents. 

Oxide A compound of oxygen with another element. The most commonly... 

Carbon Dioxide in the Air.—It is to Dr. Black that we owe the first proof of the existence of carbon dioxide in the air, during the years 1752-1754.7 He termed it fixed air. Lavoisier, however, showed that it was a compound of oxygen and carbon. 

Air a Mixture.—As has already been mentioned, the apparent constancy of composition of the atmosphere led many early chemists to believe that it was a definite compound of oxygen and nitrogen and not a mechanical mixture of these two gases. When later and more accurate analyses of air were made, however, small but decided variations in the relative proportions of its oxygen and nitrogen were found—a discovery that disposed entirely of the suggestion that air is a compound. 

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