Composite plate, definition

The FRP composite plate material used for upgrading RC bridges is generally the high-modulus CFRP (the European definition), the AFRP (Kevlar 49) or the GFRP composite materials. These wonld be fabricated by one of four methods, namely ... 

The FRP composite plate material used for the bonding operation is either the ultra-high-modulus (European definition) or the high-modulus (European definition) CFRP composite, and the manufacture and installation of the CFRP composite onto the site stmcture would be by one of the following methods ... 

Hybrid systems may be elassified as (1) struetural eomposite produets with hybrid hbres or (2) stmetural systems eonsisting of hybrid eomposites and eonventional materials. The first category involves a product-level definition that is made by the combination of hbres and polymers to form unidirectional structural elements such as composite plates, rods, tendons and strands. The second category involves a system level that is dehned by incorporating FRP composite components into a stmctnral member made from the more traditional materials. 

Theoretical Predictive Methods Tbe approach to equilibrium on a plate may be defined as tbe ratio of tbe aclual change in gas composition as it passes through tbe plate to tbe change that would have occurred if tbe gas bad reached a state of equibbrium with tbe liqmd. If a point on plate n is considered, this definition leads to tbe point efficiency ... 

The color of a mineral sample cannot be used to definitively identify the mineral because of impurities that may be present, however, the color can narrow down the identity of a mineral to a few choices. The streak of a mineral is the color of its powdered form. Rubbing the mineral across an unglazed porcelain square, called a streak plate, can best show streak color. A mineral will have a characteristic streak color, although more than one mineral may have the same color. Therefore, streak is not a definitive identification tool, although it may be used to verify the identity of a mineral of suspected composition. 

In addition to the specification of the type of condenser, it is also supposed in all of the cases considered that the following variables have been fixed column pressure number of stages N complete definition of the feed (the feed rate F, composition X, and thermal condition) and the feed plate location /. 

Consider the case of an existing column such as the one shown in Fig. 2-3. Suppose that the specifications are taken to be (1) the total number of stages and the location of the feed plate, (2) the complete definition of the feed (the total-flow rate, composition, and thermal condition), (3) the reflux rate, (4) the distillate rate, (5) the column pressure, and (6) the type of condenser (total or partial). On the basis of this set of specifications, it is desired to find the resulting compositions of the distillate and bottom products. 

The calculational procedures are presented first for conventional distillation columns and then for complex distillation columns. The conventional distillation column is completely determined by fixing the following variables (1) the complete definition of the feed (total flow rate, composition, and thermal condition), (2) the column pressure (or the pressure at one point in the column, say in the accumulator), (3) the type of condenser, (4) ku the number of plates above and including the feed plate, (5) /c2, the total number of plates, and (6) two other specifications which are usually taken to be the reflux ratio and the distillate rate LJD, D or two product specifications such as bjdh bh/d,, XDh xBh > Td, 7, or combinations of these. The subscript / is used to denote the light key and the subscript h is used to denote the heavy key. In all of the optimization problems considered herein, the variables listed in items (1), (2), and (3) are always fixed. For convenience these variables are referred to collectively as the usual specifications. The remaining four variables, ku /c2, and two other specifications such as LJD and D are called additional specifications. ... 

A stage efficiency frequently used to describe individual tray performance for individual components is the Murphree plate efficiency. This efficiency can be defined on the basis of either phase and, for a given component, is equal to the change in actual composition in the phase, divided by the change predicted by equilibrium considerations. This definition as applied to the vapor phase is expressed mathematically as ... 

If desired, (15-54) can be modified to permit real rather than theoretical stages to be computed. Values of the Murphree vapor-phase plate efficiency must then be specified. These values are related to phase compositions by the definition... 

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