Composite maximum operating temperature

CP index Common phases Composition Maximum operating temperature (°C)... 

Most fiber-matrix composites (FMCs) are named according to the type of matrix involved. Metal-matrix composites (MMCs), ceramic-matrix composites (CMCs), and polymer-matrix composites (PMCs) have completely different structures and completely different applications. Oftentimes the temperatnre at which the composite mnst operate dictates which type of matrix material is to be nsed. The maximum operating temperatures of the three types of FMCs are listed in Table 1.27. 

The specifications of commercial BF3 counters consist of sensitivity, dimensions, composition of the filling gas, operating voltage, and maximum operating temperature. 

Maximum operating temperature/maximum expected temperature Gas pressure normal and maximum Gas composition in mole%... 

In order to connect one of its wells to its facility in the Badin distriet of Pakistan, British Petroleum Pakistan planned to constmct 5000 ft (1524 m) of 4-inch diameter spoolable reinforced composite pipe (SRCP). Python series 1500 cross-linked polyethylene (PEX) spoolable pipe was seleeted, offering a maximum operating temperature of 180°F (80°C). Table 18.3 reports the physical properties of the spoolable reinforced composite pipe. 

Gears mannfactnred from fiber-reinforced polybutylene terephthalate have an extremely smooth snrface and high maximum operating temperature up to 170°C. This composite is superior to polyacetal or metals and is often used in the manufacture of engine housings. 

The carbon-fiber/polymer composites reviewed in the previous section have excellent mechanical properties but limited temperature resistance. Maximum operating temperature is presently 370°C (Table 9.2). These composites cannot meet the increasingly exacting requirements of many aerospace applications which call for a material with low density, excellent thermal-shock resistance, high strength, and with temperature resistance as high or higher than that of refractory metals or ceramics. These requirements are met by the so-called carbon-carbon materials. 

Type 416 stainless steel is a low-carbon-class martensitic alloy, a free-machining variation of type 410 stainless steel. The chemical composition is shown in Table 9.4. It has a maximum continuous operating temperature of 1250°F (675°C) and an intermittent maximum operating temperature of 400°F (760°C). 

Carbon fibres, if unprotected, will begin to oxidize at 300—350°C. The performance of fibre composites below these temperatures is a function of the matrix. The maximum operating temperature of the latter depends on external conditions including environment and stress. Some continuous service temperatures for matrix systems are listed in Chapter 3, Table 3.2. It must be emphasized that for some materials, e.g. epoxy resins, there are many different varieties and that the upper working temperature refers to the system with the highest rating. 

SRE (Fig. 7) and POE (Fig. 10) reactions, a maximum yield of H2 could be attained in the OSRE reaction above 600 °C because CH4, if formed as an intermediate by ethanol decomposition could be completely converted into syngas above this temperature.7,8,10,109 The participation of reverse WGS reaction at high temperature leads to an increase in CO composition above 400 °C with a concomitant decrease in the composition of C02. Thus, at higher operating temperatures of above 600 °C, the system would produce mainly syngas rather than a mixture of H2 and C02. A comparison of equilibrium compositions of POE and OSRE reactions indicates that the presence of steam in this system increases the maximum yield of H2 from about 50% in the POE reaction (Fig. 10) to about 65% in the OSRE, and this is very close to that observed in the SRE reaction (around 70%) due to the participation of steam... 

The chemical composition and temperature of the process medium greatly influence the choice of material. The acidity or alkalinity, together with the standard operating and maximum temperature, must be taken into account when the material is selected. The toughness and excellent wear of the polyesters must be balanced against maximum working temperature, ease of processing, and the cost. 

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