Components in parallel

Process components interact in two different fashions. In some cases a process failure requires the simultaneous failure of a number of components in parallel. This parallel structure is represented by the logical AND function. This means that the failure probabilities for the individual components must be multiplied ... 

We shall now consider how these components of an equivalent circuit behave in combination. There are two types of circuit we need to think about here, i.e. with the components in series and with the components in parallel. 

The reaction of the arteriolar wall to changes in the blood pressure is considered to consist of a passive, elastic component in parallel with an active, muscular response. The elastic component is determined by the properties of the connective tissue, which consists mostly of collagen and elastin. The relation between strain e and elastic stress ae for homogeneous soft tissue may be described as [18] ... 

Two primary options for heating the fuel processor were considered heating the different components in sequence or in parallel. Heating the components in parallel is preferable to heating them sequentially since it allows direct temperature control of the hot gas within each zone. A parallel system also avoids sending all of the hot gas through the reformer catalyst. A negative feature is the requirement of multiple injection points. 

The total load on the MCC consists of the static load Zqu (series components) in parallel with the cable and motor Zmnir (series components). The total impedance Zoin is therefore -... 

Multi-channel. These instruments analyze each sample for many different components—in parallel for a discrete analyzer, and sequentially for a continuous-flow analyzer. 

Elastic moduli obtained for different structural constitutes of two composite types and reported values in literature are given in Table I. Elastic moduli were calculated from the load versus displacement data obtained by the nanoindenter. Average values of the elastic moduli and standard deviations were obtained from 30 tests performed for each component in parallel and normal direction with respect to the C-fiber axis. 

Consider the system in Figure 1, which consists of two components in parallel with each other. 

Since the factor qt + qj will dominate qy we see that the relative error when falsely assuming independence is much larger for parallel systems than for series systems. When considering more complex structures, these facts indicate that there is reason to prioritise dependencies between components in parallel over components in series. In the following, we test this idea on a somewhat more complex system. 

The key feature of a system of two components in parallel is that the dipoles share the same effort, here the same potential... 

A component in parallel with the harmonic sensitive load, which controls the harmonic current going to the load. 

Takayanagi [17] devised series-parallel and parallel-series models as an aid to understanding the viscoelastic behaviour of a blend of two isotropic amorphous polymers in terms of the properties of the individual components. For an A phase dispersed in a B phase there are two extreme possibilities for the stress transfer. For efficient stress transfer perpendicular to the direction of tensile stress we have the series-parallel model (Figure 8.9(a)) in which the overall modulus is given by the contribution for the two lower components in parallel (as in Equation (8.3)) in series with the contribution for the upper component (as in Equation (8.5)) ... 

One of the means to make systems with such characteristics is to use microfabrication methods that make many components in parallel. The prime example is of course all methods involving lithography on planar substrates such as glass, silicon, or ceramics. Another example of such a technique is screen printing. Some techniques are used on entire wafers, but not in parallel laser drilling, for instance. 

Electrostatic held components in parallel with the polarization direction induce normal mode actuation, see Eq. (4.19). Not visible in the constitutive equation, but explainable by a behavior corresponding to Poisson s effect included in the piezoelectric constants, the signs of strains or stresses parallel and transverse to the applied electrostatic fields are opposed. The deformation of a piezoelectric cube subjected to electrostatic fields in the direction of polarization is shown in Figure 4.3. 

To simplify the model and the calculations, we firstly consider a system which consists of two components in parallel. The state of the system is characterised by the individual deterioration level of each component. The deterioration level of each component can be represented by a scalar variable X] (/ = 1, 2). All of components in the system are new at the beginning. When the deterioration level of component i exceeds its own failure threshold L it is considered as failed. 

To further prove the similarity between panels A and B, the blister on panel B was perforated deliberately with a needle. Directly after this the impedance spectrum of Figure 20a and b was measured, which is rather similar to the data measured on panel A. Because it is known that defect and delamination are in this case combined, an equivalent circuit with a corrosion component in parallel to the coating impedance must be used if further analysis is to be performed. 

The use of subroutines (Z Z") —> Y Ico Tied) and (Y7o) Tied) —> (Z Z") makes the calculations much easier because now the calculations are reduced to repeating conversions of series components in parallel ones, and vice versa, and additions of the relevant parameters. 

Components in parallel (redundant components) Improved system reliability can be achieved by using redundant components. For example, in Section 10.1, redundant sensors and control loops were used in SIS and BSD systems. Suppose that m independent sensors are available and only one needs to be operational in order for the feedback control loop to operate properly. The probability that all m sensors fail is ... 

Thus, components in parallel can provide a higher probability of success for a given mission. 

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