Ions in solution complexes

The other halides of Zn and Cd are in general hygroscopic and very soluble in water ( 400g per lOOcm for ZnXa and 100g per lOOcm for CdXa). This is at least partly because of the formation of complex ions in solution, and the anhydous forms are best prepared by... 

The behaviour of silver in different environments is determined by three principal factors (a) the high nobility of the metal, (b) the formation of passive protective films and (c) the tendency of the metal to form complex ions in solution. 

All the six platinum-group metals are highly resistant to corrosion by most acids, alkalis, and other chemicals. Their high nobility is the main factor determining their chemical resistance, and the formation of. complex ions in solution is principally responsible for their dissolution under certain conditions. 

Organic acid Some glasses are more prone to attack by organic acids than by other acids with a lower pH value. These acids form complex ions in solution which increases the glass solubility. Many vitreous enamels contain lead oxide and are susceptible to attack by organic acids. Consequently their corrosion resistance is assessed by exposure to acetic or citric acidsThe test temperature is always stipulated because a rise of 10°C can double the rate of reaction between glass and acid. 

The type of complex present in each solution depends on the acidity of the solution. In particular, HF solutions with concentrations lower than 25% contain niobium only in the form of NbOF52 complexes, whereas significant amounts of NbF6 ions are found in solutions containing 35% HF and higher. Table 44 shows the composition of complex ions in solutions of different concentrations, as found by Keller [171]. 

Simple or complexed ions in solution in equilibrium with exchangeable and other phases. 

Taube, H. (1970). Electron Transfer Reactions of Complex Ions in Solution. Academic Press, New York. One of the most significant works on the subject of electron transfer reactions. 

Taube, H. Electron Transfer Reactions of Complex Ions in Solution, Academic Press New York, 1970. 

Besides the above-quoted equations, a set of homogeneous reactions also exists, relating the individual ionic activities of all the complex ions in solution— e.g.,... 

In this group, and in many others, e.g. KBF4 and K2PtCl65 the existence of the complex ions in solutions was known long before their existence in the solid state was proved by x-ray analysis. The essential point in the process of complex formation... 

J Taube, H. Electron Transfer Reactions of Complex Ions In Solution Academic New York. 1970 Chapter 2. Haim A. Acc. Chem. Fes. 1975, 8, 264-272. Pennington, D. E. In Coordination Chemistry Martcll, A. E.. Ed. ACS Monograph 174 American Chemical Society Washington, DC. 1978 Yol. 2. pp 476-590. Taube. H. Science 1984.226, 1028-1036 (Professor Taube s Nobel Prize address). An Appreciation of Henry Taube, Prog. Invrg. Chem. 1983, 30. Rudolph A. Marcus Commemorative Issue, J. Phys. Chem, 1986, 90, 3453-3862. 

There are many unanswered questions about nuclei in the 3rd row and below in the Periodic Table, for transition as well as representative elements. Basis set development for such atoms are required before quantitative results for ct may be expected. The possible importance of relativistic effects, the unknown geometries (especially of complex ions) in solution, and the lack of absolute shielding scales for such nuclei makes any good agreement of small basis set uncorrelated calculations with chemical shifts observed in solution very suspect. 

Sedimentary geochemistry. The aqueous phase dominates weathering, leaching, transportation, and precipitation processes in the sedimentary cycle. The behaviour of transition metal ions to chemical attack depends on the relative stabilities of hydrated and complex ions in solution and bonded cations in crystal structures. The break-down of minerals and leaching of ions takes place through substitution reactions, which depend on kinetic and mechanistic fac-... 

Tamura, S., Kikuchi. K. and Kokubun, H. (1978). Z. Phys. Chem. (Frankfurt-am-Main) 111, 7 Tanner, D. D. and Osman, S. A. A. (1968). J.Amer. Chem. Soc. 90,6572 Taube, H. (1970). Electron Transer Reactions of Complex Ions in Solution". Academic Press, London... 

ICotschubei6 has determined the extent of the hydration of the cobalt ion in cobalt chloride solution by the electrolytic method briefly indicated in the first volume of this Series,6 and finds that the hydration increases with the dilution. He concludes from his own and other workers experiments that the hydration diminishes with rise of temperature also that the hydration of the cobalt chloride molecule varies in the same manner as that of the cobalt ion. He doubts the existence of complex ions in solutions of cobalt chloride, and considers that in the blue solutions formed by the addition of hydrochloric acid, calcium chloride, etc., the evidence for the existence of complex ions is inconclusive. On the other hand, he admits the presence of complex... 

A thermal electron transfer reaction between complex ions in solution may be written schematically as... 

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