Complement activation, influence

The procoagulant factors produced by endothelial cells are the coagulation factors von Willebrand factor (WF), F-V, F-VIII, tissue factor (TF), and plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI), which blocks the activators u-PA and t-PA and counteracts fibrinolysis (G21, FI6). It has been shown that under the influence of complement activation (C9), in response to endotoxin in vitro (C24), in experimental E. coli sepsis in baboons (D30), and after stimulation with TNF (Al, N6), endothelial cells up-regulate the expression of TF, down-regulate TM and inhibit the production of t-PA and PAF. Thus, the balance may shift in the procoagulant direction with a large excess of PAI-1. 

We speculate that ischemia induces changes in the tubulo-interstitium by such factors as oxidative stress, apoptosis, an increase in intracellular Ca, complement activation, ICAM-1 expression, and inflammation, in a region controlled by the blood vessels, thereby influencing the blood vessels and prolonging vascular spasm. Coronary spasm persists for 15min, and cerebrovascular spasm in the presence of subarachnoid hemorrhage persists for a week in some patients. Therefore, renovascular spasm may persist for a long period. 

Tan LK, Shopes RJ, Oi VT, Morrison SL. Influence of the hinge region on complement activation, Clq binding, and segmental flexibility in chimeric human immunoglobulins. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1990 87(l) 162-6. 

The capacity of the nanoparticles to adsorb proteins and to activate the complement in vivo after intravenous administration will influence the fate of the carrier and its body distribution. To approach this aspect, in vitro tests have been developed to investigate the profile of the type of serum proteins that adsorbed onto the nanoparticle surface after incubation in serum and to evaluate the capacity of the nanoparticles to induce complement activation. The analysis of the protein adsorbed onto the nanoparticle surface can be performed by 2D-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. This technique allows the identification of the proteins that adsorbed onto the nanoparticle surface. To evaluate modifications of the composition of the adsorbed protein with time, a faster method based on capillary electrophoresis can also be used. Finally, the activation of the complement produced by nanoparticles can be evaluated either by a global technique or by a specific method measuring the specific activation... 

Evidently, TE2 and esculin possess the ability to influence complement activity in vitro and to suppress some complement-mediated reactions after in vivo application. 

Although chitosan-coated nanoparticles showed contradictory results in complement activation depending on the conformation of the chains at the nanoparticle surface [20], the level of complement activation induced by chitosan was also influenced by the physico-chemical properties of the polysaccharide, including its solubility, degree of deacetylation, and molecular weight [20, 96-98]. Using different... 

Bertholon I, Vauthier C, Labarre D (2006). Core-shell poly(isobutylcyanoacrylate)-polysaccharide nanoparticles Influences of surface morphology, length and type of polysaccharide on complement activation in vitro. Pharm. Res. 23 1313-1323. 

Suzuki Y, Okamoto Y, Morimoto M, et al. (2000). Influence of physico-chemical properties of chitin and chitosan on complement activation. Carbohyd. Polym. 42 307-310. 

Yu, J., Lamba, N.M., Courtney J.M., et al (1994) Polymeric biomaterials Influence of phosphorylcholine polar groups on protein adsorption and complement activation. International Journal of Artificial Organs, 17(9), 499-504. 

In a subsequent study, we examined the influence of seven similarity indices on the enrichment of actives using the topological CATS descriptor and the 12 COBRA datasets [31]. In particular, we evaluated to what extent different similarity measures complement each other in terms of the retrieved active compounds. Retrospective screening experiments were carried out with seven similarity measures Manhattan distance, Euclidian distance, Tanimoto coefficient, Soergel distance, Dice coefficient, cosine coefficient, and spherical distance. Apart from the GPCR dataset, considerable enrichments were achieved. Enrichment factors for the same datasets but different similarity measures differed only slightly. For most of the datasets the Manhattan and the Soergel distance... 

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