Compaction achieved

The bulk density achieved after completion of rolling is usually determined from extracted cores, following the procedure specified in CEN EN 12697-6 (2012), ASTM 2726 (2011), ASTM D 6752 ( 2011), AASHTO T 166 (2013) or AASHTO T 331 (2013). 

The bulk density achieved alternative can be determined in place by using nuclear devices. This is a non-destructive method and the procedure is specified in CEN EN 12697-7 (2002) or ASTM D 2950 (2011). 

Devices that use electromagnetic waves have been developed and used over the last years to also measure the density of asphalts in place. More information about the devices and the test procedure is given in ASTM D 7113 (2010) or AASHTO T 343 (2012). 

The method to be employed for determining the degree of compaction for acceptance of the compacted asphalt layer should always be stated in the contract document. 

The thickness of the compacted layer is determined from cores, taken at specified locations, using a metal tape or rule, set of callipers, measurement jig or other device, capable of measuring specimen thicknesses. The measurement procedure is carried out in accordance to CEN EN 12697-36 or ASTM D 3549. 

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Bituminous mixture s volumetric properties (voids, etc.) Temperature of the bituminous mixture Compaction achieved Layer thickness Roughness (evenness) ... 

The other difference with hot recycling mix design is the pre-mix moisture content and final moisture content of the recycled mixture. Moisture content determination is important in cold recycling mix design because it affects the workability of the material and can control the degree of compaction achieved. 

Embankment soils need to develop high shear strength, low permeability and low water absorption, and undergo minimal settlement. This is achieved by compaction. The degree of compaction achieved is reflected by the dry density of the soil. The relationship between dry density and moisture content of a soil for a particular compactive effort is assessed by a compaction test. 

The parameters of interest were the static compression force F, applied by a soft spring to punch (7), vibration frequency / the acceleration a, the power of vibrations W, and the compaction achieved y, as a function of these parameters. The combined data are shown in Figure 3.26. 

In situ density testing shall be carried out on the upper 900 mm of fill material to determine the degree of compaction achieved in accordance with BS1377 Part 9, section 2.1 or 2.2. The rate of testing shall be one test per xxx m. ... 

Improvement of membrane resistance to oxidants, elevated temperature, and compaction. Achieving this goal may allow to extend the useful life of the membranes. 

The great advantage of WLN codes is their compactness. Both compactness and unambiguity are achieved only by a complex set of rules, which make the notation difficult to code and error-prone. Since much information had been stored in the WLN code (functional groups, fragments, etc.), much effort was spent in the devel-... 

If we were required to pack beads in a beaker, we know from experience that by jostling the container we could achieve some compaction or decrease in free volume. In fact, we can picture the flow of a huge array of beads through a pipe by considering the beaker as a volume element in that pipe. By vibration, the beads are jostled downward that is, the holes work their way to the top. 

The actual compression process is a cycle of die fill, compaction by intervention of the upper punch using great pressure on the granulation material in the die, and upward movement of both punches to achieve ejection of the tablet from the die. Singe-punch presses have only one die-and-punch arrangement and the compression is quick, with Httle dwell time of the top punch in die. 

Amalgams made with spherical particles may predominate ia use over those made with flake-shaped particles because the desirable plasticity is obtained with a lower mercury content, satisfactory compaction is achieved with lower packing pressures, and there is less influence of manipulative variables upon values for appropriate physical properties. 

Cake dewatering is related to cake formation in a filter cake, the final moisture content is dependent on many variables that also control cake formation. Pretreatment processes, for example, affect both cake formation and cake dewatering. Cake dewatering is achieved by compacting the soHds ... 

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