Common shiner

Borgmann, U. and K.M. Ralph. 1986. Effects of cadmium, 2,4-dichlorophenol, and pentachlorophenol on feeding, growth, and particle-size-conversion efficiency of white sucker larvae and young common shiners. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 15 473-480. 

Meyer JS, Gulley DD, Goodrich MS, Szmania DC, Brooks AS. 1995. Modelling toxicity due to intermittent exposure of rainbow trout and common shiners to monochloroamine. Environ Toxicol Chem 14 165-175. 

Prey fish (pnmpkinseed and common shiner) responses to odors from predatory fish (rock and smallmonth bass)... 

The effectiveness of the overt fright reaction as defense has been demonstrated in fathead minnows Pimephales promelas) where the overt responses decrease an individual s vulnerability to predation by pike in laboratory tanks (Mathis Smith 1993b). There is also evidence that the overt responses are often contingent on other variables. For example, both Iowa darters (Etheostoma exile) (Smith 1981), which are not ostariophysans, and fathead minnows, which are, (Brown Smith 1996) show a reduction or absence of overt responses when foraging tradeoffs are increased by 48 hours of food deprivation. Common shiners Luxilus cornutus) vary their responses to alarm pheromones according to whether they detect an aquatic or avian predator in the vicinity (Heczko 1980). 

Heczko, E. 1980. The effect of Schreckstoff on the behaviour of the common shiner Notropis cornutusy Cyprini-dae). M.Sc. thesis University of Western Ontario. 

This schooling reaction has been quantified in common shiners, Notropis cornutus (Heczko and Seghers, 1981), and zebra danios, Brachydanio rerio (Waldman 1982). Both species showed a statistically significant tendency to clump together and the danios also moved to the bottom of the tank. The fish in these studies were not fed at the time of pheromone introduction so... 

Predator specific fright reactions occur in the common shiner. They respond to alarm substance by seeking cover in vegetation if a kite, simulating an piscivorous bird, is flown over their tank,but they do not enter cover if a predatory fish is present in the tank (Heczko, 1980 Heczko and Seghers, 1981). 

About 200 species of fish in the minnow family are native to North America, with about 100 of them included in a single genus, Notropis, most of which are commonly called shiners. Minnows native to North America are all small species, while several larger, Eurasian species have been introduced to North America and now occur in self-sustaining populations. 

The most widespread native species is the common or silver shiner Notropis cornutus), which is virtually ubiquitous in many surface waters east of the Mississippi in the United States and is also widespread in eastern Canada. This species is important as a forage fish, and as a baitfish. 

The golden shiner Notemigonus crysoleucas) occurs throughout the Great Lakes and Hudson Bay drainage, and is an important forage fish and common baitfish. The fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) has a similar distribution and is also used as a baitfish. 

Both l-bromo-3-methyl-l,2-butadiene (182) and 3-bromo-3-methyl-l-butyne (183) give in aqueous ethanol the same product mixture, containing mainly propargyl alcohol and ether, but no allenic derivative (Shiner and Humphrey, 1967). In the presence of both PhS and OH ions, an identical product mixture (32% allenic and 52% propargylic thioether) is again formed from both isomers. This and the rate acceleration by base were ascribed to the formation of a common allene-carbene intermediate which was written as (184a 184b) (Scheme 8). Since the... 

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