Comets Comparative Method

OGO-5, a few other emissions could be identified (Fig. 4). The OH-emissions at 3090 A which are just barely visible also from the ground turned out to be the strongest lines besides the Lyman a line, and for the first time production rates for this radical could be derived and compared with those for neutral hydrogen. A description of the method by which production rates can be derived from the observed line intensities is e.g. given by KeUer These calculations require the assumption of a certain coma model. The results from several recent comets favor the interpretation that the observed hydrogen and hydroxyl have been formed by dissociation of water. This is roughly demonstrated by the abundances of H and OH given in Table 2. In the case of HjO dissociation one should expect about twice as many H atoms ls OH... 

Fig. 20. Comparative results of difiEerent electrophoretic methods applied to gastric juice. From Comet et al. (C5a).

The recent ai roach of large comets such as IP/Halley, C71996 B2 Hyakutake, and C/1995 Ol Hale-Bopp to the Earth provided a good opportunity to investigate the detailed composition of cometary ices by various methods such as mass spectrometry, infrared spectroscopy, and radio emission. The composition of interstellar ices is compared with that of the cometary ices in Table 9.3. It is striking that cometary and interstellar ices have quite comparable relative molecular abundances. 

Cairns and Neustadter (1975) studied the stability of carbon dispersions stabilized by BP 45, a copolymer of methacrylic esters for which R in the ester group -COOR could be the straight chain C4 or Cg-iz alkyl groups, or the amino substituted ethyl group -CH2CH2NH2. They also studied the stabilizer PV30-TEPA, a succinimide terminated poly(isobutylene). Flocculation was induced by the addition of ethanol to the dispersion medium, which was n-heptane. Their results, which compare the CFVs with the 0-compositions determined by the method of Comet and van Ballegooijen (1966), are presented in Table 9.1. 

Umitation by Hght (luminostat y = 1, or photo-limitation y < 1, see Comet, 2010) are presented in Table 2. They are compared with the predictive model calculations presented in this chapter, where the radiative transfer equation was solved using the one-dimensional two-flux approximation for all the simple geometric stmctures of photobioreactors except for reactor PBR 2 (as indicated in Table 2), for which we used the three-dimensional finite element method developed by Comet et al. (1994). As shown in the table, the mean deviation between the experimental results and the model calculation is less than 5% (ie, within the range of the experimental standard deviation), thus confirming the ability of the proposed predictive approach to quantify photobioreactor performance under many conditions of operation. 

---