Water applications combustion

The hydrophilic nature of most zeolite structures is considered a major drawback of zeolites especially for post-combustion C02 applications [49, 50]. Water competes with C02 on the... 

If a sprinkler system is installed in a computer room or similar area, provisions must be made to automatically de-energize all electrical power to the room and equipment, except power to lighting, in the event of sprinkler operation. Ensure that de-energizing activity leads to a fail-safe condition. Preferably, this should take place prior to water application to minimize damage to exposed electronic circuits. This can be accomplished automatically by smoke detection systems. Manual activation is tolerable for constantly attended locations. Where automatic sprinklers are installed in areas containing minimal combustibles as described above, a sprinkler density of 0.10 gpm/ft (0.38 Ipm/m ) should be provided. Refer to NPEA 75. 

Low-NOx Technologies for Gas Turbine Applications - The existing methods for NOx control in gas turbines may be broadly divided into primary measures to control the combustion and secondary measures to clean up the flue gas containing NOx. Primary measures include, beside catalytic combustion, water or steam injection, lean-premixed combustion and staged combustion. To... 

Although an SCR in a combustion turbine application is capable of NO, reductions of 80-90% or higher (an outlet NOx concentration of less than 10 ppm), steam or water injection is usually used in the turbine combustor to control the NOx, typically to an SCR inlet concenuation of 42 ppm (Schorr, 1992). Some additional operating characteristics of SCR systems in HRSGs are as follows ... 

Direct expansion is also possible wherein the refrigerant is used to chill the incoming air directly without the chilled water circuit. Ammonia, which is an excellent refrigerant, is used in this sort of application. Special alarm systems would have to be utilized to detect the loss of the refrigerant into the combustion air and to shut down and evacuate the refrigeration system. 

Computes properties of air-water vapor mixtures for HVAC, combustion, aerodynamic, and meteorological applications. Any two independent properties may be inpuicd by... 

Chemical Reactivity - Reactivity with Water No reaction Reactivity with Common Materials Can form an explosive mixture with finely divided combustible materials. The mixture can ignite with application of friction Stability During Transport Stable Neutralizing Agents for Acids and Caustics Not pertinent Polymerization Not pertinent Inhibitor of Polymerization Not pertinent. 

Fire Hazards - Flash Point (deg. F) 275 CC, 290 OC Flammable Limits in Air (%) No data Fire Extinguishing Agents Dry chemical, alcohol foam, or carbon dioxide Fire Extinguishing Agents Not To Be Used Application of water or foam may cause frothing Special Hazards of Combustion Products Not pertinent Behavior in Fire Not pertinent Ignition Temperature (deg. F) 640 Electrical Hazard Not pertinent Burning Rate No data. 

Hydrogen can be used with vei y little or no pollution for energy applications. When hydrogen is burned in air, the main combustion product is water, with traces of nitrogen oxides. Wlien hydrogen is used to produce electricity in a fuel cell, the only emission is water vapor. 

Hot water boilers are potentially more susceptible to gas-side corrosion than steam boilers due to the lower temperatures and pressures encountered on low- and medium-temperature hot water boilers. With low-temperature hot water especially, the water-return temperature may drop below the water dewpoint of 50°C, causing vapor in the products of combustion to condense. This, in turn, leads to corrosion if it persists for long periods. The remedy is to ensure that adequate mixing of the return water maintains the water in the shell above 65°C at all times. Also, if medium or heavy fuel oil is to be used for low- or medium-temperature applications it is desirable to keep the heat transfer surfaces above 130°C, this being the approximate acid dewpoint temperature of the combustion gases. It may be seen, therefore, how important it is to match the unit or range of unit sizes to the expected load. 

A recent application of this type of fluid is assistance in the removal of ingested salt spray from jet aircraft compressors and the neutralisation of corrosive effects. Other types of water-displacing fluids are claimed to have fingerprint neutralising properties or to be suitable for use on electrical equipment. Some oil-type materials serve temporarily as engine lubricants and contain suitable inhibitors to combat the corrosive products of combustion encountered in gasoline engines. 

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