Combined signal

Not only original signals (one or several) but additional combined signals (overtones, coupled oscillations, e.g. NIR) and latent signals in form of relations between original signals (differences, e.g. MS)... 

On the other hand, it is possible to evaluate simultaneously more then one signal per analyte (Danzer and Wagner [1993]) and enhance so the sensitivity of the determination of a given analyte A. The principle can be seen in Fig. 7.5 in which the intensities of two signals yAl and yAl are represented towards each other. The intensity of the combined signal, which is in fact a latent signal, is given by... 

If we were to use two detectors, one specific for only A and one specific for only B, the signals would appear, shifted In time, as shown In Figure 6a. The position of the Injection valve at the time these detector values were recorded Is also shown. Similarly, If we were to use on non-specific detector, the sum of the signals due to A and B would yield the detector signal labeled In Figure 6a as Combined Signal. 

We have shown In Figure 6a an array of the combined signal values for one sequence of our code and underneath. In Figure 6b, the corresponding positions of the sample valve at the moment each detector value was recorded. Also, we have calculated a value for the correlation coefficient at each value of tau as we shifted the Injection code from the past Into the present. Finally, we have plotted the value of the correlation coefficients vs. tau In Figure 6c. 

Laser microbeams offer several advantages over other fluorescence excitation techniques. In spectrofluorometry, observations are often made on a population of cells in a cuvette, resulting in a combined signal that lacks information about individual cellular responses. In flow cytometry, many individual cells are measured, but there is no temporal resolution since each cell is observed only once, and there is no spatial resolution since the entire cell is illuminated as it passes through the laser beam (see Chapter 30). In conventional fluorescence microscopy, individual cells can be monitored over time, and information about the two-dimensional spatial distribution of fluorescence can be obtained. However, some samples may be more susceptible to photobleaching by the arc lamps used for excitation, and the temporal resolution is limited to video-rate data acquisition (30 frames/s) (see Chapter 14). 

The radiotelescopes at IRAM (Institut de Radioastronomie Millimdtrique), a French-Spanish-German consortium, can lay claim to a good few discoveries of new cosmic molecules over the past ten years. The IRAM interferometer on the Plateau de Bures in France combines signals gathered by five parabolic antennas. It has an angular resolution of 0.5 arcsec at 1.3 mm. 

Figure 1.3.A shows the scheme for another analytical information hierarchy that is complementary to the previous ones. Thus, gravimetries, titrimetries, classical qualitative analyses and sensors provide onedimensional information of the form F = where x is the signal concerned. On the other hand, instrumental techniques provide two-dimensional information that can be of two types depending on whether the signal (x) is combined with an instrumental parameter (y), time (f) or space (s). Some modem analytical techniques (several of which use hybrid instruments) furnish three-dimensional information by combining signals with one or two instrumental parameters (y, z), time and space. The great...

Chemometric methods can greatly increase the number of analyzable peaks in MDLC in particular, the generalized rank annihilation method (GRAM) can quantify overlapping peaks by deconvoluting the combined signal to those of each dimension. Standards with precise retention time are required, and there must be some resolution in both dimensions [60,61]. 

Turek, M., Heiden, W., Riesen, A., Chhabda, T. A., Schubert, J., Zander, W., Krueger, P., Keusgen, M., and Schoening, M. J. (2009). Artificial intelligence/fuzzy logic method for analysis of combined signals from heavy metal chemical sensors. Electrochim. Acta 54(25), 6082-6088. 

Research on the hearing process carried out by many people (see [Scharf, 1970]) led to a frequency analysis model of the human auditory system. The scale that the ear appears to use is called the critical band scale. The critical bands can be defined in various ways that lead to subdivisions of the frequency domain similar to the one shown in table 2.1. A critical band corresponds to both a constant distance on the cochlea and the bandwidth within which signal intensities are added to decide whether the combined signal exceeds a masked threshold or not. The frequency scale that is derived by mapping frequencies to critical band numbers is called the Bark scale. The critical band model is most useful for steady-state tones and noise. 

Attractants. General term for single or combined signal substances ( semiochemicals) which have a spe-... 

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