Combined evidence tree

Table 2.2 indicates free congruence in one-gene data partitions compared to the combined evidence tree (Figure 2.1 frees from gene partitions not shown). Combined analysis of all genes results in six clades that are not produced in consensus MPTs from one-gene partitions. The consensus MPTs... 

The issue of whether to rely on combined evidence trees or congruence of trees from separate datasets in phylogenetic inference has received considerable attention (e.g., BuU et al., 1993 de... 

Infection by dwarf mistletoe and true mistletoe of conifer hosts is commonplace in the San Bernardino and Angeles National Forests. There is no experimental evidence to define the ozone sensitivity of the aerial shoots of the mistletoes relative to the foliage of their conifer hosts. Cursory observations of dwarf mistletoe on pines suggest no injury to dwarf mistletoe shoots. The dwarf mistletoes derive their elaborated carbohydrates entirely from their host (31), and ozone probably depletes the stored carbohydrates of needle tissue (26) which may have been translocated to the parasite. The combined effect of these agents probably means greater stress on the host. On the other hand, true mistletoes manufacture their own carbohydrates (31) and may benefit the host if they are less sensitive to oxidant than the host tree. 

The reason becomes evident when one looks into the details of the gelation problem. There are too many intractable questions in this problem the oldest, and most fundamental one is how one can enumerate all trees with different numbers and sizes of rings, and their entire combinations. In order to formulate the general solution, one must arrange infinite sets of (differential) equations, which is practically impossible. Hence, it is natural that the general consensus has arisen that there is no way to solve exactly the gel point problem. 

An Event Tree Analysis (ETA), which explores aU possible outcomes of an undesired event (i.e. the specific crew error of concern), because it is only when there is a derived architecture that the exact role of humans in the system becomes clear. By using ETA the potential role of critical Human Error is evident, as are the combinations of Failures and errors necessary to create Hazardous or Catastrophic systems states. 

An example of the combined use of x-ray fluorescence and x-ray powder diffraction techniques involved the collection of prosecution evidence in an attempted assassination attempt. The case involved the attempted assassination of a government minister. As shown in Fig. 13.3, the would-be assassin entered the beach property of the minister by means of a sandy pathway. He then hid in the copse of trees and later shot the minister (actually he shot the minister s son by mistake) as he came out of the house. While the victim was not killed, he was seriously injured. The accused was apprehended as he ran from the property. The prosecution case was built mainly on evidence used to place the accused at the scene of the crime. Sandals worn by the victim when he was captured had a quantity of sandy material on the soles— it had been raining immediately prior to the oime—and samples were taken of the material shortly after the arrest of the accused. The accused claimed that he had been walking on the shore immediately adjacent to the property (see Fig. 13.3). Sand samples were taken from the pathway to the house, as well as from the shore area where the accused claimed he had been. Unfortunately for the accused, it turned out that the sand used for the path was not taken from the shore adjacent to the house, but from a more accessible point some miles further up the coast. Samples were also taken from this area. 

A molecular contact is formed between two nucleotides, A and B, if they are connected through a phosphodiester bond or if they share a hydrogen bond between their nitrogen bases. The combination of all molecular contacts constitutes the contact graph of the RNA. It is self evident from the definition of a molecular contact that in all known RNA three-dimensional stractures, every nucleotides make at least one molecular contact with another one. Thus, all RNAs contain at least one path of molecular contacts that connects all its constituent nucleotides, which does not contain any cycle, a spanning tree of the nucleotide contact graph. 

Statistics for Strict Consensus Trees from Combined and Partial Evidence... 

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