Colorants with shorteners

Mono-n-butyltin tris(j-octylmercaptoacetate) combines improved early color with shortened longterm stability. This is due to its intermediate Lewis acid character between that of diisooctyl bis(t-octylmercaptoacetate) and tin tetra(i-octylmercaptoacetate). The decreased effectiveness of tri-n-butyltin i -octylmercaptoacetate may be ascribed to the increased reluctance to coordination by the tin atom, due to presence of the third alkyl (n-butyl) group. Additionally, the use of trialkyltin derivatives in PVC stabilization has been avoided because of their toxicity. 

Morphologically this biochemical process manifests itself in the "anti-gibberellin habitus" of the treated plants that corresponds to compact growth with shortened internodes and to a more intensive color of leaves. However, it is also worth mentioning the changes in the shoot-root ratio that lead to a pronounced shift in favor of root growth, especially after treatment with norbornenodiazetines (10). 

On ornamental plants CCC is appHed to a2aleas, geraniums, and hibiscus (Hibiscus sp] to make compact plants, and to poinsettias to reduce stem height and increase the red color of the bracts. A considerable amount of work has been carried out on cereals with CCC to reduce stem length and inhibit lodging. In Europe, the effect of CCC on shortening the culms of cereals is dependent upon the genotype. It has been demonstrated that the effect is as follows wheat > triticale > durum wheat > rye > oats > barley > corn = millet = rice (37). In barley, culms are initially inhibited but later the plant overcomes the inhibition (37). This has been attributed to poor assimilation, translocation, and rapid breakdown in wheat (38). 

EXTENSIONS AND COMMENTARY A most consistent feature with 2C-N was the fact that in every report, somewhere, there is the note that it somehow came up just a little short of expectations. From the esthetic point of view, the pure salt is yellow rather than the usual white color, so the solutions that are to be consumed are by definition also yellow colored. From the structural point of view, the 4-nitro group, like the 4-bromo group of 2C-B, is a dead-end. It cannot be stretched or compressed or lengthened or shortened. This unique aspect demands that you have to live with what you have, as there are no subtle ways of modifying the molecule. With 2C-B, the end product was a total winner there was no wish to modify it. With 2C-N the end product is something a little less, and there is no way to modify it. 

Flaxseed powder and oat bran were utilized as a fat replacer in cake without any detrimental effects (Lee et al., 2004b). Flaxseed significantly decreased viscosity at 20% however, an increase in cake volume was observed, potentially due to the high lipid content which served as a shortening in the presence of nonstarch polysaccharides. However, more data are required to explain the observed phenomenon. Flaxseed powder addition significantly (p < 0.05) darkened crumb color and increased yellowness values. Results indicated that flaxseed was an acceptable additive when used with Nutrim oat bran. 

The number of distinct cycles neecessary to dye the blend fabric was thus reduced from four to two. Using reuse in conjunction with the shortened process, six fabrics were dyed and analyzed. The color differences between the average of all the reflectance measurements and the dyed fabrics ranged from 2.5-5.7 MacAdam units, while those between the first dyed sample and the remaining five fabrics ranged from 3.6-8.5 MacAdam units (Table XXIX), all within or slightly outside the desired lot-to-lot shade tolerances. The color difference with a conventionally-... 

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