Collagen piezoelectric properties

The piezoelectric properties of collagen have been investigated in complex biological systems such as bone and tendon. The piezoelectric properties of bone have a great interest in view of their role in bone remodeling. The bone stress... 

Extensive work on piezoelectric properties of bone have been carried out [21]. Figure 9 shows the temperature dependence of different water contents [22]. Bone consists of oriented collagen fibers embedded in a nutrix of hydroxy Mtile. Figure 10 shows the temperature dependence of d and < for decalcified bone, which consists only of oriented collagen fibers. 

ZnO and MgO nanoparticles have been shown to increase bone cell functions and decrease infection (Liu et al., 2015 Weng and Webster, 2012). Nano zinc oxide (ZnO) also can induce osteogenic properties from stem cells (Liu et al., 2015). Composites incorporating ZnO nanoparticles with a diameter near 60 nm can form a scaffold for tissue regeneration. The size of laminin, collagen, and fibronectin, which are all major components of the natural ECM, is on the same order of magnitude as a ZnO nanoparticle. Moreover, the piezoelectric and antibacterial properties of ZnO particles make it a good choice for orthopedic implant applications (Sell and Webster, 2(X)8). 

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