Cognition emergence

The cognitive approach has had a major influence in recent years on how human error is treated in systems such as chemical process plants and nuclear power generation. In the next section we shall describe some of the key concepts that have emerged from this work, and how they apply to the analysis of error in the CPI. Discussion of the cognitive view of human performance are contained in Reason (1990), Hollnagel (1993), Kantowitz and Fujita (1990), Hollnagel and Woods (1983), and Woods and Roth (1990). 

The infants adaptive or playing behaviors with the test objects showed the infants to be spontaneous in their approach to the toys and to demonstrate an interest in manipulating them. Some infants were easily frustrated by their inability to manipulate the objects due to their fine motor difficulties. However, there was no evidence of gross retardation in the emerging cognitive areas. 

The development of mild forms of anxiety and neuroveg-etative and/or cognitive responses to stress may represent an adaptive evolutionary step against environmentally (external) or self-triggered (internal) threats, but maladaptive reactions have also emerged in human evolution. Thus, anxiety disorders are maladaptive conditions in which disproportionate responses to stress, or even self-evoked responses, are displayed. Anxiety disorders are one of the most frequent psychiatric illnesses, and have a lifetime prevalence of 15- 20% [1, 89]. The most common presentations are generalized anxiety disorder, with a lifetime prevalence rate of close to 5% [1, 89] social anxiety disorder, with very variable lifetime prevalence rates ranging from 2 to 14% [90] panic disorder, with rates from 2 to 4% [1,89] and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), with a prevalence rate close to 8%. Specific phobias, acute stress and obsessive-compulsive behavior are other clinical presentations of anxiety disorders. 

Accordingly, several of the neurochemical and neuroanatomical systems considered to be involved in arousal and consciousness, i.e. Meynert nucleus, pontine reticular formation, locus coeruleus and raphe nucleus with their cholinergic, noradrenergic and serotonergic afferents (Delacourt, 1995) are affected in PD. In addition, the dopamine system, in particular the mesolim-bocortical system, is involved in cognition and motivation, and possibly in the emergence of positive psychotic symptoms such as hallucinations and delusions. 

An empirical literature on combined treatment is just beginning to emerge. Randomized controlled trials in adults with panic disorder (Barlow et ah, 2000) and major depression (Keller et ah, 2000) suggest advantages for combined drug and cognitive-behavioral... 

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