Cogeneration fossil-fueled

Conventional fossil fuel-fired power plants, nuclear power faciUties, cogeneration systems, and combined-cycle faciUties all have one key feature in common some type of steam generator is employed to produce steam. Except for simple-cycle cogeneration faciUties, the steam is used to drive one or... 

Many cogeneration plants use PF coal, oil, or gas as a fuel, but if blast furnace (BF) gas, sawdust, bagasse, or other low-grade by-product fuels are available, these normally can be used to reduce overall fuel costs. Often a combination of fossil fuel and by-product fuel is employed. 

Cogeneration combines the production of heat and the generation of electricity to provide a higher total efficiency than that of either process occurring separately. As the costs of fossil fuels and electricity continues to increase, cogeneration becomes more attractive. 

In some European cities, waste heat from fossil fuel electric power plants is used for district heating with an overall energy efficiency of 85%. These plants were not originally constructed as cogenerating units. Waste heat from industrial process plants can also be used. Geothermal sources are used to provide heat for district heating systems in Iceland and Boise, Idaho. 

The two main societal issues that create a need to reconsider the current use of fossil fuels are the cogeneration of C02 in stoichiometric ratio to carbon used in the fuel and depletion of fossil oil reserves. 

Electrical Utilities There are seven generic types of electricitygenerating plants such as fossil fuel, nuclear hydroelectric, cogeneration, geothermal, solar, and wind. The major sources in use in the United States are fossil fuel and nuclear supply systems. The direct cost attributed to corrosion was 6.9 billion with the largest amount for nuclear power ( 4.2 billion), fossil fuel (1.9 billion), hydraulic power ( 0.15 billion), transmission, and distribution (0.6 billion). 

Electricity generation plants can be divided into seven generic types fossil fuel, nuclear, hydroelectric, cogeneration, geothermal, solar, and wind. The majority of electric power in the United States is generated by fossil and nuclear steam supply systems. 

The total cost of electricity sold in the United States in 1998 was 3.24 million gigawatt hours at a cost to consumers of 218.4 billion. The electricity generation plants use fossil fuel, nuclear, hydroelectric, cogeneration, geothermal, solar, and wind energies. The major players are fossil and nuclear steam supply systems. The two types of nuclear reactors are boiling water and pressurized water reactors. Some relevant data on the costs of corrosion estimated in 1998 are as follows nuclear facilities 1,546 billion fossil fuel sector 1,214 billion transmission and distribution 607 million hydraulic and other power 66 million. The total cost of corrosion in the electrical utilities industry in 1998 is estimated at 6,889 billion/year. 

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