Coffee East Africa

In India and British East Africa, where spraying is done most successfully, costs of an application vary considerably, but average 5 to 9 (U. S.) per acre per application. The quantities of proprietary copper compounds being used are increasing rapidly, and the coffee crop has become a stable year-after-year production. 

Coffee, Cojfea arabica and Cojfea canephora (Rubiaceae), is native to East Africa but widely cultivated in many tropical countries. The seeds contain 1-2% caffeine com-plexed with chlorogenic acid. All parts of the coffee plant contain caffeine, although the greatest concentration is in the fruits (Waller and Nowacki, 1978). Caffeine also occurs in Genipa and Oldenlandia (both Rubiaceae) (Hemingway... 

Khat is believed to have been traded as a commodity even before coffee and is used throughout the Middle East countries in much the same way as coffee is used in Western culture. In addition to its use as a mild stimulant, khat use in Africa and the Middle East is more of a social phenomenon. Its intake occurs in moderation, for the most part, and often takes place in special rooms designed for that purpose. 

Maize mixed the most important food production system in East and Southern Africa, also exists in parts of West Africa. Typically, there is a single cropping season some areas experience a shorter second season. Farm sizes are often <2 ha. Main cash sources are small ruminants, tobacco, coffee and cotton. Cattle are kept as draught animals, for... 

The potential anti-inflammatory properties of southern African soft coral metabolites were further exemplified by the isolation of five diterpene esters valdivones A (101), B (102), their corresponding methoxy ketals (103, 104) and dihydrovaldivone A (105) from Alcyonium valdivae (Family Alcyoniidae) collected off Coffee Bay on the warm temperate east coast of southern Africa (Figure 1) [94]. The structures of these compounds were determined from analysis of their 2D-NMR data with coupling constant analysis and nOe data providing the relative stereochemistry of 101 and 102. Valdivones A and B showed fairly strong inhibition of chemically-induced inflammation in the mouse ear assay (93% and 72% inhibition at 50 pg/ear respectively) but did not significantly inhibit bee venom phospholipase A2 (ca. 43% at 16 pgmL1) [94]. 

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