Coercion

Zwang, m. stress, constraint compulsion, coercion, force, pressure, zwangen, v.t, force, press, coerce. Zwanglauflehre, /. kinematics, zwanglos, a. unrestrained, unrestricted, free (of periodicals) irregular in appearance. 

The mean value of the interaction potential energy should provide some guidance on the value of the first of the terms on the right it helps that those interaction energies will have a lower bound. The second term then primarily addresses entropic contributions to jLt x that integral accumulates the weight of the favorable configurations, well-bound to the solute, that the solvent host offers the solute without coercion. 

As evidence of coercion, this would have been laughable had not the fate of the other directors depended on it. But the laugh was on the prosecution anyway. 

Far from establishing that the defendants acted under "necessity" or "coercion," I conclude that Farben frequently sought the forced workers. In fact, the production quotas of Farben were largely fixed by Farben itself. I cannot agree with the assertion that these defendants had no other choice. In reality, the defense is an afterthought, the validity of which is belied by Farben s entire course of action. 

When does it become okay to have a relationship with a former client There is much debate about when it may be ethically okay for a therapist or counselor to have such a relationship, with some professionals expressing the opinion that such a relationship maybe possible, without risk of compromise or coercion, several months or years after therapy has ended. I do not have an easy answer to this question. As a therapist I know there is something unique about a therapeutic relationship that creates or enhances human vulnerability. My feeling is that counselors and therapists must respect the client amid this vulnerability by not taking advantage of that moment. Does this vulnerability between a therapist and a client ever go away I honestly do not know, but a therapist should consider the vulnerability factor in any relationship with a client, even an ex-client, very strongly and deliberately before acting on emotional attractions, even many years after therapy ends. Even if you are convinced sufficient time has passed for that vulnerability to diminish, it may not have diminished from the standpoint of your ex-client. 

Kinetically stable superarchitectures can be assembled by relying upon both noncovalent bonds and mechanical coercion. Thus, at elevated temperatures, rotaxane-like complexes (a) are generated when macrocycles slip over the stoppers of chemical dumbbells, while hemicarceplexes (b) are created when guests squeeze through the portals of hemicarcerands. 

Additional requirements are that adequate provisions exist for monitoring the data collected, adequate provisions exist to protect the privacy of subjects and maintain the confidentiality of the data, and that appropriate safeguards be included to protect the rights and welfare of subjects who are ...vulnerable to coercion or undue influence... or persons who are economically or educationally disadvantage..(45 CFR 46.1). 

Foucault, like his French predecessor and mentor, Gaston Bachelard, paid particular attention to the primacy in history of discursive breaks and ruptures in knowledge or belief systems.3 In this and in Foucault s emphasis on the relative coercion that disciplines exercised on their practitioners, he made arguments already familiar to Anglo-American scholars acquainted with Kuhn s characterizations of "normal science" and the reasons for a scientific community s coherent outlook. However, unlike Kuhn, Foucault declined to dissect the so-called hard sciences as objects of inquiry, restricting himself to discourses and power relationships in the medical, biological, and social sciences.4 However, Foucault did see the potential in the application of his method for the destruction of the demarcation between scientific and nonscientific spheres of action and belief. 

Constructivist sociologists of science, more than historians, have entered where Foucault declined to tread, dealing not only with the "big science" of modem times but with the classical period of Robert Boyle and the early Royal Society. Bruno Latour, Steven Shapin, and Simon Schaffer have emphasized social and discursive strategies of coercion and persuasion, marshaled by scientific protagonists who mimic codes of behavior ordinarily associated with the battlefield or the salon.5 This is a sociology of confrontation and conquest that emphasizes the contingent personal and cultural forms that scientific discourse can assume. 

Finkelstein s notion of making an Itzik of me by acts of political coercion. In order to be exploited as an Itzik on the American scene the Jew must first be seen and known but it is the seeing and knowing themselves that render the Jew racially Jewish. 

The voluntary consent of the human subject is essential. This means that the person involved should have legal capacity to give consent should be so situated as to be able to exercise free power of choice, without the intervention of any element of force, fraud, deceit, duress, over-reaching, or other ulterior form of constraint or coercion and should have sufficient knowledge and comprehension of the elements of the subject matter involved as to enable him to make an rmderstanding and enlightened decision. This latter element requires that, before the acceptance of an affirmative decision by the experimental subject, there should be made known to him the nature, duration, and purpose of the experiment the method and means by which it is to be conducted all inconveniences and hazards reasonably to be expected and the effects upon his health or person, which may possibly come from his participation in the experiment. 

Within these examples are unethical acts, coercion, conflicts of interest, and misrepresen-tahon. Conflicts of inferest are not limited to the rewards and stock options of investigators they involve the entire research endeavor. Recently, financial conflicts of interest in medical research along with widely publicized episodes of scienhfic misconduct have been brought to the public s attention. In some episodes, researchers have been accused of falsifying or fabricahng research data on therapeutic products in which they had substantial financial inferesfs. There have now been many steps taken to keep such actions from occurring. 

The voluntary consent of the human subject is absolutely essential and should be based on sufficient knowledge of the test, without coercion of any kind. 

I certify that no coercion, element of fraud or deceit, undue moral suasion or other adverse pressure has been brought to bear in my volunteering for this study. I have done so of my own free will, completely aware of all hazards, rewards and recognition involved. 

The term terrorism, according to HSA, Sect. 4(15), is defined as any activity that — (A) involves an act that — (i) is dangerous to human life or potentially destructive of critical infrastructure or key resources and (ii) is a violation of the criminal laws of the United States or of any State or other subdivision of the United States and (B) appears to be intended — (i) to intimidate or coerce a civilian population (ii) to influence the policy or a government by intimidation or coercion or (iii) to affect the conduct of a government by mass destruction, assassination, or kidnapping. 

Whereas patients with depression commonly seek treatment for themselves, manic patients are usually brought to treatment by someone else, often under some degree of coercion. Despite the havoc that acute mania can wreak upon one s life, the illness so clouds insight and judgment that often the need for treatment is not recognized. Thus, manic patients frequently present for treatment in an emergency room accompanied by a family member, friend, co-worker, or perhaps a police officer. 

Eventually, those with OCD, fed up with the constant pressure of their ego-dystonic thoughts and behaviors, might seek treatment on their own accord. Alternatively, they might seek treatment with encouragement, or coercion, from concerned family members who are frustrated with the impact of the patient s illness on family life. Children with OCD, for whom the obsessions are more likely to be ego-syntonic, seldom seek treatment but are virtually always forced into treatment by understandably worried parents. 

Most drug users—the lucky ones, at least—are no strangers to coercion. People in need of drug treatment are fortunate if they run up against the compassionate coercion of family, friends, employers, the criminal justice system, and others. Such pressure needs no excuse the health and safety of the addicted individual, as well as that of the community, require it. ° [ bold emphasis added italics original ... 

As discussed earlier, the 2002 National Drug Control Strategy report coined the term compassionate coercion and promoted it as a key element for success. The White House press release announcing the report explained that in addition to pressure from family, friends, employers, and the community, [(c)]ompassionate coercion also uses the criminal justice system to get people into treatment. " ... 

How exactly compassionate coercion will work in practice has yet to be seen, but the term itself, especially when accompanied by statements like those surrounding the 2002 and 2003 reports, foreshadow interventionist government actions that would be at stark odds with a number of well-established legal rights. 

The Supreme Court has recognized a constitutional right to bodily integrity that includes the right of a person to make voluntary and informed decisions about medical treatment." The government s concept of compassionate coercion appears to turn upside-down the individual s right to informed consent. All fifty states have laws that protect informed consent. These laws require that before performing medical procedures or treatments, medical personnel must make certain disclosures to patients and obtain the patient s consent." ... 

In general, informed consent requires the satisfaction of two conditions. First, trained medical personnel must tell the person to be treated what alternative treatments exist, the benefits and dangers associated with the proposed treatment, and the disadvantages of forgoing treatment. Second, once the person has received all the relevant medical information, he or she must freely and voluntarily decide whether or not to undergo the treatment." Coercion is anathema to informed consent, as emphasized by a US Department of Health and Human Services regulation defining informed consent ... 

Coercion, whether compassionate or otherwise, is still coercion. Indeed, compassionate coercion can be more insidious. As one of America s most prominent Supreme Court justices warned decades ago Experience should teach us to be most on our guard to protect liberty when the government s purposes are beneficent.... The greatest dangers to liberty lurk in insidious encroachment by men of zeal, well meaning but without understanding. " ... 

As noted in Section II of this report, people serving time in prison — especially for drug offenses — would appear to be prime candidates for coercive pharmacotherapy. Prisoners are politically weak and generally regarded unsympathetically by the general populace. Further, prisoners appear to be one of the express targets for compassionate coercion, which uses the criminal justice system to get people into treatment. " ... 

Coercion, whether "compassionate or otherwise, is still coercion. 

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