Relationships power

The weberian definitions of power (see again Figure 1) are consistent with the basic definition of power as a relationship (power-over). The absolute form of power (macht) does not need legitimacy to be exercised and includes the extreme form of coercive power, violence. The legitimate power (herrschaft) is based on consensus obtained through a formal contract (bureaucracy), or by an informal contract (traditional power) or by faith. These definitions are useful to restrict the analysis of power to those kinds of power that cissiune the form of a rational... 

Power is derived from the asymmetry of dependence between two parties (Pfefler and Salancik, 1978). The greater the relative dependence, the greater the power of the less dependent firm has over the other (Blau, 1964 Emerson, 1962 Thompson, 1967). In a dyadic relationship, power is a function of (1) dependence on the other party and (2) the use of dependence to leverage change in accord with the intentions of the less dependent firm. Thus, the... 

Note that this relationship is in conPadiction to the well known equation for the calculation of the thickness resolving power given by Halmshaw in 111. The relationship in 111 requires explicit knowledge about built-up factors for scatter correction and the film contrast factory (depending on D) and is only valid for very small wall thickness changes compared to the nominal wall thickness. 

In order to have S(q) independent of d, the power of d must be zero giving a= 1/(3. This gives rise to the following relationships ... 

In the linear approximation there is a direct Fourier relationship between the FID and the spectrum and, in the great majority of experunents, the spectrum is produced by Fourier transfonnation of the FID. It is a tacit assumption that everything behaves in a linear fashion with, for example, imifonn excitation (or effective RF field) across the spectrum. For many cases this situation is closely approximated but distortions may occur for some of the broad lines that may be encountered in solids. The power spectrum P(v) of a pulse applied at Vq is given by a smc fiinction 18]... 

The high-field output of laser devices allows for a wide variety of nonlinear interactions [17] between tire radiation field and tire matter. Many of tire initial relationships can be derived using engineering principles by simply expanding tire media polarizability in a Taylor series in powers of tire electric field ... 

Chemistry produces many materials, other than drugs, that have to be optimized in their properties and preparation. Chemoinformatics methods will be used more and more for the elucidation and modeling of the relationships between chemical structure, or chemical composition, and many physical and chemical properties, be they nonlinear optical properties, adhesive power, conversion of light into electrical energy, detergent properties, hair-coloring suitabHty, or whatever. 

Independent molecules and atoms interact through non-bonded forces, which also play an important role in determining the structure of individual molecular species. The non-bonded interactions do not depend upon a specific bonding relationship between atoms, they are through-space interactions and are usually modelled as a function of some inverse power of the distance. The non-bonded terms in a force field are usually considered in two groups, one comprising electrostatic interactions and the other van der Waals interactions. 

The Lennard-Jones potential is characterised by an attractive part that varies as r ° and a repulsive part that varies as These two components are drawn in Figure 4.35. The r ° variation is of course the same power-law relationship foimd for the leading term in theoretical treatments of the dispersion energy such as the Drude model. There are no... 

A common choice of functional relationship between shear viscosity and shear rate, that u.sually gives a good prediction for the shear thinning region in pseudoplastic fluids, is the power law model proposed by de Waele (1923) and Ostwald (1925). This model is written as the following equation... 

Incorporation of viscosity variations in non-elastic generalized Newtonian flow models is based on using empirical rheological relationships such as the power law or Carreau equation, described in Chapter 1. In these relationships fluid viscosity is given as a function of shear rate and material parameters. Therefore in the application of finite element schemes to non-Newtonian flow, shear rate at the elemental level should be calculated and used to update the fluid viscosity. The shear rale is defined as the second invariant of the rate of deformation tensor as (Bird et at.., 1977)... 

Using the faet that k is an eigenfunetion of HD and employing the power series expansion of /k allows one to generate the fundamental relationships among the energies Ek ) and the wavefunetions /kl ) ... 

The selectivity of an electrophile, measured by the extent to which it discriminated either between benzene and toluene, or between the meta- and ara-positions in toluene, was considered to be related to its reactivity. Thus, powerful electrophiles, of which the species operating in Friedel-Crafts alkylation reactions were considered to be examples, would be less able to distinguish between compounds and positions than a weakly electrophilic reagent. The ultimate electrophilic species would be entirely insensitive to the differences between compounds and positions, and would bring about reaction in the statistical ratio of the various sites for substitution available to it. The idea has gained wide acceptance that the electrophiles operative in reactions which have low selectivity factors Sf) or reaction constants (p+), are intrinsically more reactive than the effective electrophiles in reactions which have higher values of these parameters. However, there are several aspects of this supposed relationship which merit discussion. 

The stereochemical relationship between the reactant and the product revealed by the isotopic labeling shows that oxygen becomes bonded to carbon on the same side from which H IS lost As you will see m this and the chapters to come determining the three dimensional aspects of a chemical or biochemical transformation can be a subtle yet powerful tool for increasing our understanding of how these reactions occur... 

When m = 1.0, as in Fig. 2.5, the exponent becomes zero and the viscosity is independent of 7 when m = 0.7, a factor of 10 change in 7 results in a decrease of viscosity by a factor of 2. This is approximately the case for the data in Fig. 2.5 for 7 values between 10" and 10" sec". Equation (2.14) and its variations are called power laws. Relationships of this sort are valuable empirical tools for extrapolating either F/A or t over modest ranges of 7. In such an application, the exponent m - 1 and the proportionality constant are... 

There is probably no area of science that is as rich in mathematical relationships as thermodynamics. This makes thermodynamics very powerful, but such an abundance of riches can also be intimidating to the beginner. This chapter assumes that the reader is familiar with basic chemical and statistical thermodynamics at the level that these topics are treated in physical chemistry textbooks. In spite of this premise, a brief review of some pertinent relationships will be a useful way to get started. 

Until recently most industrial scale, and even bench scale, bioreactors of this type were agitated by a set of Rushton turbines having about one-thind the diameter of the bioreactor (43) (Fig. 3). In this system, the air enters into the lower agitator and is dispersed from the back of the impeller blades by gas-fiUed or ventilated cavities (44). The presence of these cavities causes the power drawn by the agitator, ie, the power requited to drive it through the broth, to fall and this has important consequences for the performance of the bioreactor with respect to aeration (35). k a has been related to the power per unit volume, P/ U, in W/m and to the superficial air velocity, in m/s (20), where is the air flow rate per cross-sectional area of bioreactor. This relationship in water is... 

Each equation is independent of impeller type. As pointed out eadier, the absolute kpi values vary considerably from Hquid to Hquid. However, similar relationships have been found for other fluids, including fermentation broths, and also for hold-up, 8. Therefore, loss of power reduces the abiHty of the Rushton turbines to transfer oxygen from the air to the broth. 

The efficiency of an induction furnace installation is determined by the ratio of the load usehil power, P, to the input power P, drawn from the utihty. Losses that must be considered include those in the power converter (transformer, capacitors, frequency converter, etc), transmission lines, cod electrical losses, and thermal loss from the furnace. Figure 1 illustrates the relationships for an induction furnace operating at a constant load temperature with variable input power. Thermal losses are constant, cod losses are a constant percentage of the cod input power, and the usehd out power varies linearly once the fixed losses are satisfied. 

Based on the bench-scale data, two coal-to-acetylene processes were taken to the pilot-plant level. These were the AVCO and Hbls arc-coal processes. The Avco process development centered on identifying fundamental process relationships (29). Preliminary data analysis was simplified by first combining two of three independent variables, power and gas flow, into a single enthalpy term. The variation of the important criteria, specific energy requirements (SER), concentration, and yield with enthalpy are indicated in Figure 12. As the plots show, minimum SER is achieved at an enthalpy of about 5300 kW/(m /s) (2.5 kW/cfm), whereas maximum acetylene concentrations and yield are obtained at about 7400 kW/(m /s) (3.5 kW/cfm). An operating enthalpy between these two values should, therefore, be optimum. Based on the results of this work and the need to demonstrate the process at... 

The power factor of a sample is determined from the capacitance and resistance values by means of the following relationship, where P = power factor, G = conductance in mhos (reciprocal ohms), W = x. frequency, and C = capacitance. 

Rheology. Flow properties of latices are important during processing and in many latex appHcations such as dipped goods, paint, inks (qv), and fabric coatings. For dilute, nonionic latices, the relative latex viscosity is a power—law expansion of the particle volume fraction. The terms in the expansion account for flow around the particles and particle—particle interactions. For ionic latices, electrostatic contributions to the flow around the diffuse double layer and enhanced particle—particle interactions must be considered (92). A relative viscosity relationship for concentrated latices was first presented in 1972 (93). A review of empirical relative viscosity models is available (92). In practice, latex viscosity measurements are carried out with rotational viscometers (see Rpleologicalmeasurement). 

The power number depends on impeller type and mixing Reynolds number. Figure 5 shows this relationship for six commonly used impellers. Similar plots for other impellers can be found in the Hterature. The functionality between and Re can be described as cc Re in laminar regime and depends on p. N in turbulent regime is constant and independent of ]1. 

InstmmentaHy, both the hiding power and tinting strength can be determined from the amount of the incident light reflectance of coated white and black substrates. Relationships derived from Kubelka and Munk theory (6) are appHed in actual calculations. 

Fig. 9. Brayton cycle, where A = compressor inlet, B = combustor inlet, C = power turbine inlet, and D = exhaust (a) thermodynamic relationships and...

Optimum Pressure Drop. For most heat exchangers there is an optimum pressure drop. This results from the balance of capital costs against the pumping (or compression) costs. A common prejudice is that the power costs are trivial compared to the capital costs. The total cost curve is fairly flat within 50% of the optimum (see Fig. lb), but the incremental costs of power are roughly one third of those for capital on an aimualized basis. This simple relationship can be extremely useful in quick design checks. 

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