Cod liver oils

Cod liver oil Linseed oil Menhaden oil Perilla oil Corn oil Cottonseed oil Olive oil Pine oil Red oil Soya bean oil Tung oil Whale oil Castor oil Lard oil... 

Stock-fisch, m. stockfish (esp., dried codfish), -fischlebertran, m. cod-liver oil. -fleck, m. moldy stain, moldy spot, mildew, stockfleckig, a. spotted with mold, moldy ... 

Animal muscle (pork), carrot powder, total diet, wheat flour Skim milk powder (elements), whole meal flour, bovine muscle, wholemeal flour, brown bread, cod liver oil (PCBs), rye flom, haricots verts (beans), pork muscle, mixed vegetables, carrot, bran breakfast cereal, unspiked milk powder (PCDDs, PCDFs), spiked milk powder (PCDDs, PCDFs), milk powder Rye flour, milk powder, whey powder Pork meat... 

PCBs in cod, mussel and shrimp from Belgian continental shelf GC BCR CRM 349, PCBs in Cod liver oil Roose et al. 1998... 

Kannan, K., J. Falandysz, N. Yamashita, S. Tanabe, and R. Tatasukawa. 1992. Temporal trends of organochlorine concentrations in cod-liver oil from the southern Baltic proper, 1971-1989. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 24 358-363. Kawano, M., T. Inoue, T. Wada, H. Hidaka, and R. Tatasukawa. 1988. Bioconcentration and residue patterns of chlordane compounds in marine animals invertebrates, fish, mammals, and seabirds. Environ. Sci. Technol. 22 792-797. 

Toxaphene accumulates in tissues of many aquatic species, especially in lipid-rich tissues of polar fish and marine mammals (Swackhamer and McConnell 1993). Toxaphene concentrations in livers of Arctic fishes of 2.9 mg/kg FW and in Canadian cod liver oil of 28 mg/kg FW are recorded... 

Bloom (12J reported that in both older rats (63 days of age) and younger rats (33 days of age) the amount of calcium retained was less when 5% dried spinach, either raw or cooked, was included in the diet in 1-week balance studies (Figure 1). The experimental diets contained about 0.4% calcium, and one drop of cod liver oil was given each rat every day. Most of the calcium excretion on the spinach diet was in the feces. Retentions of calcium on the basal low fiber diet and on diets containing filter paper in amounts to equal the crude fiber in spinach or 12 times the crude fiber in spinach were high. There was no significant difference in calcium retentions between raw and cooked spinach. The low retention of calcium from spinach could not be attributed to the presence of crude fiber in the diet. 

Tisdall and Drake (16) found that the addition of 10% dried spinach to a low calciunTcTiet containing 2% cod liver oil resulted in a reduction in body calcium (Figure 2). The spinach diet was compared with one containing an equal amount of calcium as calcium carbonate, and with a third containing an equal amount of calcium carbonate plus an amount of oxalic acid equal to that present in the spinach. Three-week-old rats were fed the diets for 4 weeks. 

Lovelace et al. (20) noted that the effect of oxalic acid on calcium retention depended on the age of the animal (Figure 4). The two experimental diets contained cod liver oil and 0.3% calcium. Milk was the main source of calcium, and to one diet was added 60 mg of potassium oxalate daily. Ten-day balances were determined throughout the study until rats were 175 days of age. At 50 days of age, rats fed oxalate retained about 25% of the calcium,... 

The key experiments leading to the identification of vitamin D were those of Mellanby (1918-1919) using puppies. When they were fed on bread, skimmed milk, linseed oil, yeast (to give B vitamins), and orange juice (vitamin C) the puppies developed rickets. When cod-liver oil and/or butter were added, rickets was prevented. The distinction between the effects of vitamin A and the anti-rachitic factor was aided by the sensitivity of vitamin A to oxidation. Aerated (oxidized) cod-liver oil no longer cured xerophthalmia but its anti-rachitic properties were unaffected (McCollum, 1922). 

A representative gas chromatogram with ECD of the analysis of various polar chlorinated pesticides isolated from cod liver oil [179] is shown in Fig. 13. Determination of the polar chlorinated pesticides in cod liver oil required clean up of the lipid matrix with a dimethylformamide/water/hexane liquid-liquid partitioning procedure followed by isolation using a normal-phase LC procedures, and final analysis by GC-ECD [179]. 

Fig. 13. A GC-ECD chromatogram of polar pesticide fraction analyzed in cod liver oil. Column 60-m capillary column with 5% phenyl-substituted methylpolysiloxane phase (after [179] with permission)...

Various PCB congeners and lower polarity pesticide fractions analyzed from cod liver oil is shown in Fig. 15 [179]. Measurement of the PCB congeners and pesticides in the cod liver oil required clean-up of the lipid matrix with a di-methylformamide/water/hexane liquid-liquid partitioning procedure followed by isolation of the PCBs and pesticides using a normal-phase LC procedures. The normal-phase LC procedures separate the analytes into two fractions, one containing the PCBs and the lower polarity chlorinated pesticides (HCB, 2,4 -DDE, and 4,4 -DDE) (Fig. 15) and the second containing the more polar chlorinated pesticides. The separation of PCBs and pesticides reduces the possible coelution of many of the pesticides with PCB congeners of interest. These two fractions were then analyzed by GC-ECD. 

Ayorinde, F.O. Keith, Q.L., Jr. Wan, L.W. MALDl-TOF-MS of Cod Liver Oil and the Effect of Analyte/Matrix Concentration on Signal Intensities. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 1999, 13, 1762-1769. 

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